Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Cambridge Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)

Contents......Page 7 History of anorexia nervosa......Page 17 Miraculous maids......Page 18 Psychoanalytic theories......Page 19 History of bulimia......Page 20 Models for understanding eating disorders based on diagnostic criteria......Page 21 Psychological/individual: influences and models......Page 23 Eating disorders as reaction to changing roles/a voice for women......Page 24 Multidisciplinary conceptualizations: the biopsychosocial approach......Page 25 Developmental perspective......Page 26 REFERENCES......Page 29 Introduction......Page 33 Meal feeding and peripheral signals......Page 35 Hindbrain......Page 37 Hypothalamus......Page 38 Forebrain regions involved in reward pathways......Page 41 Conservation of energy balance systems in mammalian species......Page 42 REFERENCES......Page 43 Evaluation......Page 46 Methodological issues......Page 48 Views of fatness......Page 49 Parents......Page 51 Media......Page 53 Peers......Page 54 Conclusions......Page 55 REFERENCES......Page 56 4 Relation of dieting to eating pathology......Page 59 REFERENCES......Page 66 Fetal life......Page 71 Childhood......Page 73 Puberty......Page 74 Growth patterns in developing brains......Page 75 Timing of maturation......Page 76 Cognitive theory......Page 79 Recent developments......Page 80 REFERENCES......Page 81 Family and twin studies......Page 84 Other forms of psychopathology......Page 85 Shared transmission of AN and BN......Page 86 Serotonin-linked genes......Page 87 Dopamine-linked genes......Page 88 Other candidate genes......Page 89 Linkage studies......Page 90 Conclusions......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 92 Register studies – referred and treated cases......Page 96 Sør-Trøndelag study, Norway......Page 98 Haute-Marne study, France......Page 99 Buskerud study, Norway......Page 100 Summary......Page 101 Clinical implications......Page 104 REFERENCES......Page 105 Neural basis of hunger, satiety and reward value of food......Page 109 Structural changes ('Pseudoatrophy')......Page 111 Resting state......Page 113 Food challenge......Page 114 Body image challenge......Page 115 Neurotransmission......Page 117 Acknowledgements......Page 118 REFERENCES......Page 119 Diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa......Page 125 Atypical anorexia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified......Page 126 Dissatisfaction and problems with current diagnostic criteria......Page 127 Weight criterion (DSM–IV A; ICD–10 A)......Page 128 Core cognitive disturbances (DSM–IV B.and C; ICD–10C)......Page 129 Early identification......Page 130 Presentation......Page 132 REFERENCES......Page 135 Introduction......Page 137 Boys and eating disorders risk factors......Page 138 Eating disorder psychopathology and diagnoses......Page 141 Treatment studies......Page 142 REFERENCES......Page 143 Definition......Page 147 Medical complications in bulimia nervosa and binge eating......Page 150 Common signs and symptoms......Page 151 Cardiovascular complications......Page 152 Pulmonary complications......Page 153 Conclusion......Page 154 REFERENCES......Page 155 Introduction......Page 158 Problems of nosology......Page 159 From feeding to eating......Page 160 Aetiology......Page 161 Selective eating......Page 163 Food avoidance emotional disorder (FAED)......Page 165 Food phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder......Page 166 Psychogenic vomiting......Page 167 Priorities for future research......Page 168 REFERENCES......Page 169 Anxiety......Page 172 Depression......Page 174 Trauma and eating disorder comorbidity......Page 175 REFERENCES......Page 179 The physiology of feeding......Page 183 Infant feeding problems......Page 184 Cerebral palsy......Page 185 Congenital heart disease......Page 188 Cystic fibrosis......Page 189 Type 1 Diabetes......Page 190 Neurodevelopmental disorders......Page 191 Conclusion......Page 192 REFERENCES......Page 193 Childhood obesity: conceptualization......Page 196 Aetiology of childhood obesity......Page 197 Treatment of childhood obesity......Page 199 The role played by the parents and the family......Page 201 Problems in the treatment of childhood obesity......Page 203 REFERENCES......Page 204 Deficiency states in anorexia nervosa......Page 209 Prevention and management of the refeeding syndrome......Page 210 Acute medical complications of refeeding......Page 212 Causes......Page 215 Differential diagnosis......Page 216 Differential diagnosis......Page 217 Comment......Page 218 Comment......Page 219 Comment......Page 220 Causes......Page 221 Differential diagnosis......Page 222 Treatment......Page 223 REFERENCES......Page 224 Approach to young patients with chronic medical complications......Page 226 Heart......Page 227 Brain......Page 229 Gonads and reproductive system......Page 231 Skeletal......Page 233 Summary......Page 235 REFERENCES......Page 236 Individual psychotherapies......Page 239 Psychodynamic therapy......Page 240 Cognitive–behaviour, cognitive and behaviour therapies......Page 241 Multimodal therapies......Page 242 Motivational enhancement therapy......Page 243 Evidence for treatments......Page 244 Anorexia nervosa trials......Page 245 Bulimia nervosa......Page 246 Commentary and conclusions......Page 247 REFERENCES......Page 248 19 Evidence-based family psychotherapy interventions......Page 252 Evolving models of family therapy for eating disorders......Page 253 Randomized controlled family interventions in AN......Page 255 New applications of family treatments for adolescent eating disorders......Page 258 Summary......Page 259 REFERENCES......Page 260 Introduction......Page 262 Dangers of treatment delay......Page 263 Inpatient management......Page 264 Inpatient psychiatric units......Page 265 Day programmes......Page 266 Specialist or general-purpose services?......Page 267 Research evidence for different treatment models......Page 268 The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NCCMH, 2004)......Page 269 Conclusions......Page 270 REFERENCES......Page 271 Antidepressants......Page 274 Antipsychotics......Page 275 Antidepressants......Page 276 Antipsychotics......Page 277 Antidepressants......Page 280 Conclusion......Page 285 REFERENCES......Page 286 Anorexia nervosa......Page 293 Prognostic factors......Page 295 Adolescent patients......Page 297 Conclusions......Page 300 Bulimia nervosa......Page 301 Prognostic factors......Page 303 Conclusion......Page 304 REFERENCES......Page 305 The slimming culture and the media......Page 307 Media literacy programs......Page 308 Psycho-education......Page 309 Improving self-esteem and body image......Page 310 Prevention programmes for elementary schools and college students......Page 311 Interactive prevention programs......Page 312 Evaluation of primary preventions......Page 313 Discussion......Page 314 REFERENCES......Page 316 Screening programmes for the detection of eating disorders......Page 319 Who is important for secondary prevention?......Page 320 Secondary prevention aimed at peers and teachers......Page 321 Patients' delay consulting their general practitioner......Page 322 Diagnostic questions......Page 323 Communication problems between doctors and eating disorder patients......Page 324 Problems in referring patients for professional treatment......Page 325 Effects of early diagnosis on anorexia nervosa......Page 326 Summary and conclusion......Page 327 REFERENCES......Page 328 Index......Page 331 Anorexia Nervosa and other eating disorders are arguably the most complex mental health problems that a child or adolescent may experience. Numbers seeking help are on the increase, and the complexity of these disorders challenges even the most experienced clinician. In this 2006 book, the experience of numerous practitioners with international reputations in the field is brought to bear on the broad range of issues a good clinician needs to know about, from the history of the disorder through to treatment, psychopharmacology, the psychotherapies, epidemiology, comorbidities, eating disorders in boys, and neuroimaging. The book is divided into parts detailing the scientific underpinnings, abnormal states, the evidence base for treatments, and finally public health issues, including service delivery models and perspectives on prognosis and outcomes. Clinicians encountering eating disorders will find this latest addition to the Cambridge Child and Adolescent Psychiatry series invaluable Eating disorders are arguably the most complex mental health problems that a child or adolescent may experience. In this book, an international team of experts examine the scientific underpinnings, abnormal states, evidence base for treatments, and finally public health issues, including service delivery models and perspectives on prognosis and outcomes