East Asian Monsoon (2) (World Scientific Series on Meteorology of East Asia)

The East Asian summer monsoon has complex space and time structures that are distinct from the South Asian summer monsoon. It covers both subtropics and midlatitudes and its rainfall tends to be concentrated in rain belts that stretch for many thousands of kilometers and affect China, Japan, Korea, and the surrounding areas. The circulation of the East Asian winter monsoon encompasses a large meridional domain with cold air outbreaks emanating from the Siberian high and penetrates deeply into the equatorial Maritime Continent region, where the center of maximum rainfall has long been recognized as a major planetary scale heat source that provides a significant amount of energy which drives the global circulation during boreal winter. The East Asian summer monsoon is also closely linked with the West Pacific summer monsoon. Both are part of the global climate system and are affected by El NinoBSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) and surface temperature variations in the western Pacific and surrounding oceans, the tropospheric biennial oscillation, and the South Asian summer monsoon. In addition, typhoons in the western North Pacific are most active during the East Asian summer monsoon. They may be considered as a component of the East Asian summer monsoon as they contribute substantial amounts of rainfall and have major impacts on the region. Because of its impacts on nearly one-third of the world’s population and on the global climate system (including effects on the climate change), the study of the East Asian monsoon has received increased attention both in East Asian countries and in the United States. This book presents reviews of recent research on the subject. PREFACE CONTENTS Part I East Asian Summer and Winter Monsoon 1. SEASONAL MARCH OF THE EAST-ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON 1. Introduction 2. Climatological Aspects of the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea 3. The Onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the 1998 SCSMEX 4. Seasonal Advance and Retreat of the East-Asian Summer Monsoon 5. The Climatological Aspect of the Moisture Transport of the East-Asian Summer Monsoon 6. Summary and Discussion of the Physical Processes and Mechanisms Related to the Onset and the Seasonal March of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Acknowledgements References 2. THE EAST ASIA WINTER MONSOON 1. Introduction 2. Climatology of the East Asia Winter 3. Monsoon Surges 4. Explosive Cyclogenesis off the East Asian Continent 5. Variations of the EAWM 6. Overall Summary and Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 3. MARITIME CONTINENT MONSOON: ANNUAL CYCLE AND BOREAL WINTER VARIABILITY 1. Introduction 2. Annual Cycle and Seasonal March of Rainfall 3. Interannual Variations 4. Boreal Winter Convection and Synoptic and Intraseasonal Variations Acknowledgements References Part II Interannual Variations 4. INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, GLOBAL TELECONNECTION, AND POTENTIAL PREDICTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON 1. Introduction 2. Interannual Variability of the ASM 3. Teleconnection Dynamics 4. Extratropical Climate Modes 5. ASM Rainfall Predictability 6. Conclusions References 5. EAST ASIAN MONSOON-ENSO INTERACTIONS 1. Introduction 2. Spatial-Temporal Structures of the EASM Variability 3. Impact of El Niño (La Niña) on the EA-WNP Monsoon 4. Impacts of the East Asian Monsoon on ENSO Evolution 5. Interdecadal Changes of the EAM-ENSO Relationship 6. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References 6. CLIMATE VARIATIONS OF THE SUMMER MONSOON OVER CHINA 1. Introduction 2. Intraseasonal Variability of the Summer Monsoon over China 3. Interannual Variability of the Summer Monsoon over China 4. Interdecadal Variation of the Summer Monsoon over China 5. The East Asian Climate System and its Impact on the Interannual Variations of the Summer Monsoon over China 6. Interdecadal Variability of the East Asian Climate System and its Impact on the Summer Monsoon over China 7. Summary and Discussion Acknowledgments References Part III General Circulation Modeling 7. SIMULATIONS BY A GFDL GCM OF ENSO-RELATED VARIABILITY OF THE COUPLED ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM IN THE EAST ASIAN MONSOON REGION 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Design 3. Model and Observed Climatology 4. Composite Atmospheric Anomalies in Selected ENSO Episodes 5. Evolution of SST and Surface Fluxes over the Western Pacific during ENSO 6. Nature of ENSO-Induced Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling over the Western Pacific 7. Discussion Acknowledgments References 8. CURRENT STATUS OF AGCM MONSOON SIMULATIONS 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Set Up and Data 3. Climatological Summer Mean Precipitation 4. Climatological Variations from May to September 5. ENSO Anomalies during 1997-98 6. Monsoon Variability during 1997-98 7. Summary and Discussion Acknowledgments References 9. SIMULATION STUDIES OF THE ASIAN MONSOON USING THE CCSR/NIES AGCM 1. Introduction 2. Model Description 3. Sensitivity of the Asian monsoon Simulation to the Horizontal Resolution and the Fluxes between Atmosphere and Land Surface 4. Sensitivity of the Estimation of Surface Fluxes over the Asian monsoon Regions to Horizontal Resolution 5. Impacts of Land Surface Process and SST in the Simulation 6. Summary References Part IV Synoptic and Mesoscale Processes 10. RESEARCH ON THE PHENOMENA OF MEIYU DURING THE PAST QUARTER CENTURY: AN OVERVIEW 1. Introduction 2. Climatological Characteristics 3. The Meiyu Front 4. Low-Level Jet (LLJ) 5. Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) 6. Disturbances in Meiyu Season 7. Orographically Related Disturbances 8. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 11. LARGE- AND MESOSCALE FEATURES OF MEIYU-BAIU FRONT ASSOCIATED WITH INTENSE RAINFALLS 1. Introduction 2. Overview of the East Asia Monsoon in July 1991 3. Seasonal Changes of the North Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone 4. Large-Scale Circulation Systems around the Meiyu-Baiu Front 5. Circulation Associated with the Meiyu-Baiu Front 6. Influence of the Subtropical Anticyclone on the Meiyu-Baiu Front 7. Moisture Transport and Moisture Balance in the Intense Precipitation Zone 8. Vertical Stratification in and around the Meiyu-Baiu Frontal Zone 9. Meiyu-Baiu Frontal Disturbances and Cloud-Precipitation Systems 10. Family of Mesoscale Cloud Systems 11. Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12. OCEANIC EAST ASIAN MONSOON CONVECTION: RESULTS FROM THE 1998 SCSMEX 1. Introduction 2. Data and Analysis Procedures 3. Large-Scale Evolution of the Flow and Convection during Onset 4. Atmospheric Variability over the Northern South China Sea during the SCSMEX IOP 5. Precipitation, Heating and Moistening Rates over the Northern South China Sea during Active Periods of the Monsoon 6. Mesoscale Organization of Convection during Monsoon Onset 7. Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References Part V Interactions with Other Circulations 13. MONSOON-RELATED TROPICAL CYCLONES IN EAST ASIA 1. Introduction 2. Favorable Environmental Conditions for Tropical Cyclone Formation 3. Tropical Cyclone Formation in a Monsoonal Environment 4. Tropical Cyclone Motion in a Monsoonal Environment 5. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 14. FORMATION OF THE SUMMERTIME SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONES 1. Introduction 2. Dynamics of the Zonal Mean Subtropical Anticyclone 3. Distribution of the Zonal Mean Subtropical High and the Hadley Circulation 4. Thermal Adaptation and PV- Forcing 5. Sensible Heating and Subtropical Anticyclone 6. Radiative Cooling and Subtropical Anticyclone 7. Condensation Heating and Subtropical Anticyclone 8. Synthetic Heating and the Summertime Subtropical Anticyclones 9. Discussions and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. MAINTENANCE AND SEASONAL TRANSITIONS OF THE STATIONARY WAVES DURING EAST ASIAN MONSOON 1. Introduction 2. Model Description 3. Stationary Wave Features during East Asian Monsoon 4. Maintenance and Seasonal Developments of the Stationary Waves 5. Summary Acknowledgments References "The East Asian summer monsoon has complex space and time structures that are distinct from the South Asian summer monsoon. It covers both subtropics and midlatitudes and its rainfall tends to be concentrated in rain belts that stretch for many thousands of kilometers and affect China, Japan, Korea, and the surrounding areas. The circulation of the East Asian winter monsoon encompasses a large meridional domain with cold air outbreaks emanating from the Siberian high and penetrates deeply into the equatorial Maritime Continent region, where the center of maximum rainfall has long been recognized as a major planetary scale heat source that provides a significant amount of energy which drives the global circulation during boreal winter.

The East Asian summer monsoon is also closely linked with the West Pacific summer monsoon. Both are part of the global climate system and are affected by El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and surface temperature variations in the western Pacific and surrounding oceans, the tropospheric biennial oscillation, and the South Asian summer monsoon. In addition, typhoons in the western North Pacific are most active during the East Asian summer monsoon. They may be considered as a component of the East Asian summer monsoon as they contribute substantial amounts of rainfall and have major impacts on the region.

Because of its impacts on nearly one-third of the world's population and on the global climate system (including effects on the climate change), the study of the East Asian monsoon has received increased attention both in East Asian countries and in the United States. This book presents reviews of recent research on the subject. "

pt. 1. East Asian summer and winter monsoon. Seasonal march of the East-Asian summer monsoon / Yihui Ding The East Asia winter monsoon / Johnny Chan and Chongyin Li Maritime continent monsoon: annual cycle and boreal winter variability / C.-P. Chang ... [et al.] pt. 2. Interannual variations. Interannual variability, global telecommunication, and potential predictability associated with the Asian summer monsoon / William K.-M. Lau, Kyu-Myong Kim and June-Yi Lee East Asian monsoon-ENSO interactions / Bin Wang and Tim Li Climate variations of the summer monsoon over China / Ronghui Huang, Gang Huang, and Zhigang Wei pt. 3. General circulation modeling. Simulations by GFDL GCM of ENSO-related variability of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system in the East Asian monsoon region / Ngar-Cheung Lau, Mary Jo Nath, and Hailan Wang Current status of AGCM monsoon simulations / In-Sik Kang Simulation studies of the Asian monsoon using CCSR/NIES AGCM / Akimasa Sumi, Masahide Kimoto, and Xueshun Shen pt. 4. Synoptic and mesoscale processes. Research on the phenomena of Meiyu during the past quarter century: an overview / George Tai-Jen Chen Large- and mesocale features of Meiyu-Baiu front associated with intense rainfalls / Kozo Ninomiya Oceanic East Asian monsoon convection: results from the 1998 SCSMEX / Richard H. Johnson, Paul E. Ciesielski, and Thomas D. Keenan pt. 5. Interactions with other circulations. Monsoon-related tropical cyclones in East Asia / Russell L. Elsberry Formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclones / Guoxiong Wu, Yimin Liu and Ping Liu Maintenance and season transitions of the stationary waves during East Asian monsoon / Mingfang Ting and Renu Joseph.