اقلیم زمین: تعامل اقیانوس و جو - از مقیاس‌های حوضه‌ای تا جهانی (مونوگرافی ژئوفیزیکی)

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Geophysical Monograph Series__. It is more than 30 years since the publication of Jacob Bjerknes' groundbreaking ideas made clear the importance of ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropics. It is now more than 20 years since the arrival of a massive El Nino in the fall of 1982 set off a cascade of observational and theoretical studies. During the following decades, the climate research community has made exceptional progress in refining our capacity to observe earth's climate and theorize about it, including new satellite-based and in situ monitoring systems and coupled ocean-atmosphere predictive numerical models. Of equal importance. is the expanding scope ofresearch, which now reaches far beyond the Pacific El Nino and includes climate phenomena in other ocean basins. In order to cover the now global context of ocean-atmosphere interaction we have organized this monograph around five principal themes, each introduced by one or more broad overview papers. Theme I covers interaction and climate variability in the Pacific sector, with extensive discussion of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and with the possible causes and consequences of variability on both shorter and longer timescales. Theme II is devoted to interaction in the Atlantic sector. This basin exhibits complex behavior, reflecting its geographic location between two major zones of convection as well as neighboring the tropical Pacific. Theme III reviews the recent, exciting progress in our understanding of climate variability in the Indian sector. Theme IV addresses the interaction between the tropics and the extratropics, which are linked through the presence of shallow meridional overturning cells in the ocean. Finally, Theme V discusses overarching issues of cross-basin interaction. Content: Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 7 A Global Survey of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate Variability......Page 8 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 9 2. TROPICAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY......Page 10 3. EXTRATROPICAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY......Page 16 4. INTER-BASIN INFLUENCES AND INTERACTIONS......Page 18 REFERENCES......Page 23 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 27 2. OBSERVATIONS OF ENSO......Page 29 3. ENSO MECHANISMS......Page 30 4. EFFECTS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY ON ENSO......Page 39 5. LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY OF ENSO......Page 41 6. DISCUSSIONS AND THE FUTURE......Page 46 REFERENCES......Page 47 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 55 2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS......Page 56 3. THE FORCED OCEAN RESPONSE......Page 59 4. THE RELATION BETWEEN WWES AND THE ENSO PHENOMENON......Page 65 5. CONCLUSION......Page 70 REFERENCES......Page 71 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 76 2. OBSERVATIONAL BACKGROUND......Page 77 3. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 79 4. DISCUSSION......Page 86 REFERENCES......Page 88 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 89 2. INDIAN AND SUBTROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC OCEANS......Page 90 3. NORTH PACIFIC IN SUMMER OF YR0......Page 96 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 102 REFERENCES......Page 104 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 108 2. TROPICALLY GENERATED PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY AND ITS PREDICTABILITY......Page 109 3. PREDICTING DECADAL VARIATIONS OF EXTRATROPICAL ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION FROM KNOWN SSTS......Page 112 4. PREDICTING THE RESPONSE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN TO DECADALLY VARYING WINDS......Page 116 5. THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL VARIABILITY OF THE NORTH PACIFIC ATMOSPHERE ON THE TROPICS AND TROPICAL DECADAL VARIABILITY......Page 117 6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 121 REFERENCES......Page 122 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 124 2. SEASONAL CYCLE......Page 125 3. EQUATORIAL VARIABILITY......Page 127 4. OFF-EQUATORIAL VARIABILITY......Page 128 5. INTERACTION WITH THE EXTRATROPICS......Page 133 6. ENSO INFLUENCE......Page 137 7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 139 REFERENCES......Page 141 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 146 2. SOUTH ATLANTIC WINTER ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY AS EXTERNAL FORCING OF TAV......Page 149 3. SOUTH ATLANTIC SUMMER ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY AS EXTERNAL FORCING OF TAV......Page 153 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CROSS EQUATORIAL GRADIENT AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY IN BOTH HEMISPHERES......Page 154 5. SUMMARY......Page 157 REFERENCES......Page 158 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 160 2. DATA A ND MODEL......Page 161 3. COUPLED MODELING SURGERY......Page 162 4. THE ROLE OF REMOTE FORCING......Page 163 5. THE ROLE OF LOCAL OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE COUPLING......Page 166 6. THE ROLE OF OCEAN DYNAMICS......Page 168 7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 171 REFERENCES......Page 172 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 174 2. MODEL INTEGRATIONS AND DATASETS......Page 175 3. ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY......Page 176 4. SST PREDICTABILITY......Page 179 5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 180 REFERENCES......Page 182 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 184 2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 185 3. INTERNAL VARIABILITY......Page 186 4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 189 REFERENCES......Page 190 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 192 3. DOMINANT MODES OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SST VARIABILITY......Page 194 4. IOD AS AN INHERENT COUPLED MODE......Page 201 5. IOD TELECONNECTION......Page 208 6. SUMMARY......Page 210 REFERENCES......Page 212 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 215 2. INDIAN OCEAN AND MONSOON VARIABILITY......Page 220 3. IMPACT OF THE DIPOLE/ZONAL MODE ON CLIMATE......Page 229 4. OUTSTANDING ISSUES......Page 237 REFERENCES......Page 241 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 249 3. STRUCTURE OF INDIAN RAINFALL......Page 250 4. SSTA/RAINFALL CORRELATIONS......Page 253 5. DISCUSSION......Page 256 REFERENCES......Page 260 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 262 2. STEADY-STATE THEORY......Page 263 3. PACIFIC OCEAN......Page 266 4. ATLANTIC OCEAN......Page 276 5. INDIAN OCEAN......Page 283 6. VARIABILITY......Page 292 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 297 REFERENCES......Page 301 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 306 3. COMPARISON WITH OBSERVATION......Page 307 4. SIMULATED CIRCULATION......Page 309 5. LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS......Page 316 REFERENCES......Page 318 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 320 2. DATA AND METHOD......Page 321 3. GENERAL FEATURES......Page 322 4. NORTH PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY INFERRED FROM GYRE-INDEX......Page 324 5. INTERACTION OF TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL GYRES......Page 327 REFERENCES......Page 328 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 330 2. IMPORTANCE OF STORM TRACKS AND OCEANIC FRONTAL ZONES IN EXTRATROPICAL COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE VARIABILITY......Page 332 3. CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS AMONG STORM TRACKS, POLAR-FRONT JETS AND MIDLATITUDE OCEANIC FRONTS......Page 335 4. INFLUENCE OF A SUBTROPICAL JET ON A STORM TRACK AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AN OCEANIC FRONT......Page 339 5. DISCUSSION......Page 341 REFERENCES......Page 343 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 347 2. BACKGROUND......Page 348 3. INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN ADVECTION AND HEAT CONTENT......Page 352 4. CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS OF HEAT CONTENT VARIATIONS......Page 357 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 361 REFERENCES......Page 362 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 364 2. DATA USED AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE......Page 365 3. OBSERVED ENSO REGIMES......Page 366 4. MODEL ENSO......Page 370 5. DISCUSSION......Page 372 REFERENCES......Page 374 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 377 2. ADDITIONAL CASES OF THE RELATIONSHIP OFꐀ✀, 倀✀ AND 吀✀猀......Page 380 3. ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THERELATIONSHIP OF ꐀ✀, 倀✀ AND 吀✀猀......Page 384 4. DYNAMICS BEHIND THE ꐀ✀, 倀✀ AND 吀✀猀 RELATIONS......Page 386 5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION......Page 388 REFERENCES......Page 389 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 391 2. UNDERLYING MODEL FORMULATION......Page 392 3. SPECIFIC MODELS AND RESULTS......Page 394 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 401 REFERENCES......Page 402 Today's New Breed, Extreme Projects Are Different. They Feature High Speed, High Change, High Complexity, High Risk, And High Stress. Extreme Project Management Provides A Guide For Leaders Working Under High Risk And High Pressure While Producing The Desired Bottom-line Results. Based On Doug Decarlo's Extensive Experience In Working With More Than 250 Project Teams, His Extreme Project Management Model Is Built Around An Integrated Set Of Principles, Values, Skills, Tools, And Practices Proven To Consistently Work Under Conditions Of Rapid Change And Uncertainty.--jacket. A Global Survey Of Ocean-atmosphere Interaction And Climate Variability / Chunzai Wang, Shang-ping Xie And James A. Carton -- Understanding Enso Physics -- A Review / Chunzai Wang And Joel Picaut -- Westerly Wind Events In The Tropical Pacific And Their Influence On The Coupled Ocean-atmosphere System : A Review / Matthieu Lengaigne [and Others] -- The Control Of Meridional Differential Surface Heating Over The Level Of Enso Activity : A Heat Pump Hypothesis / De-zheng Sun -- Broadening The Atmospheric Bridge Paradigm : Enso Teleconnections To The Tropical West Pacific-indian Oceans Over The Seasonal Cycle And To The North Pacific In Summer / Michael A. Alexander, Ngar-cheung Lau And James D. Scott -- Predicting Pacific Decadal Variability / Richard Seager [and Others] -- Tropical Atlantic Variability : Patterns, Mechanisms, And Impacts / Shang-ping Xie And James A. Carton --^ On The Role Of The South Atlantic Atmospheric Circulation In Tropical Atlantic Variability / Marcelo Barreiro [and Others] -- Toward Understanding Tropical Atlantic Variability Using Coupled Modeling Surgery / Lixin Wu, Qiong Zhang And Zhengyu Liu -- Thermodynamic Coupling And Predictability Of Tropical Sea Surface Temperature / R. Saravanan And Ping Chang -- Internal Variability Of The Tropical Atlantic Ocean / Markus Jochum [and Others] -- Coupled Ocean-atmosphere Variability In The Tropical Indian Ocean / Toshio Yamagata [and Others] -- Role Of The Indian Ocean In Regional Climate Variability / H. Annamalai And Raghu Murtugudde -- Interannual Indian Rainfall Variability And Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies / Gabriel A. Vecchi And D.e. Harrison -- Shallow Overturning Circulations Of The Tropical-subtropical Oceans / Friedrich A. Schott, Julian P. Mccreary Jr. And Gregory C. Johnson --^ Seasonal Variation Of The Subtropical/tropical Pathways In The Atlantic Ocean From An Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment / Meyre P. Da Silva And Ping Chang -- Gyre-connected Variations Inferred From The Circulation Indices In The Northern Pacific Ocean / Dongxiao Wang, Yun Liu And Dejun Gu -- Observed Associations Among Storm Tracks, Jet Streams, And Midlatitude Oceanic Fronts / Hisashi Nakamura [and Others] -- The Relationship Of Western Boundary Current Heat Transport And Storage To Mid-latitude Ocean-atmosphere Interaction / Kathryn A. Kelly And Shenfu Dong -- Two Different Regimes Of Anomalous Walker Circulation Over The Indian And Pacific Oceans Before And After The Late 1970s / Ryuichi Kawamura [and Others] -- Tropical Tropospheric Temperature And Precipitation Response To Sea Surface Temperature Forcing / Hui Su, J. David Neelin And Joyce E. Meyerson --^ Convection, Cloud-radiative Feedbacks And Thermodynamic Ocean Coupling In Simple Models Of The Walker Circulation / Adam H. Sobel [and Others]. Chunzai Wang, Shang-ping Xie, James A. Carton, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References. ''It is more than 30 years since the publication of Jacob Bjerknes' groundbreaking ideas made clear the importance of ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropics. It is now more than 20 years since the arrival of a massive El Niño in the fall of 1982 set off a cascade of observational and theoretical studies. During the following decades, the climate research community has made exceptional progress in refining our capacity to observe earth's climate and theorize about it, including new satellite-based and in situ monitoring systems and coupled ocean-atmosphere predictive numerical models. Of equal importance. is the expanding scope ofresearch, which now reaches far beyond the Pacific El Niño and includes climate phenomena in other ocean basins.In order to cover the now global context of ocean-atmosphere interaction we have organized this monograph around five principal themes, each introduced by one or more broad overview papers. Theme I covers interaction and climate variability in the Pacific sector, with extensive discussion of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and with the possible causes and consequences of variability on both shorter and longer timescales. Theme II is devoted to interaction in the Atlantic sector. This basin exhibits complex behavior, reflecting its geographic location between two major zones of convection as well as neighboring the tropical Pacific. Theme III reviews the recent, exciting progress in our understanding of climate variability in the Indian sector. Theme IV addresses the interaction between the tropics and the extratropics, which are linked through the presence of shallow meridional overturning cells in the ocean. Finally, Theme V discusses overarching issues of cross-basin interaction.''-- Site de l'éditeur Topics of this volume include observational evidence of extreme climatic conditions; geochemical and coupled climate modeling studies, alternative hypotheses for explaining low-latitude glacial deposits; and the biosphere and extreme climatic conditions