زلزله‌ها: انرژی تابشی و فیزیک شکستگی؛ [کنفرانس ... "انرژی تابشی و فیزیک شکستگی زلزله" در ژوئن ۲۰۰۵ در پورتلند، ماین برگزار شد]

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Geophysical Monograph Series__.Earthquakes, from the smallest to the largest, release elastic strain energy. Where does this energy go? How much is radiated and how much is expended in other source processes, such as overcoming fault friction? Do large and small earthquakes differ with regard to rupture physics? This book examines such questions and current debates from five vantage points: * How we measure earthquake energy * Effects of earthquake size and tectonic setting * Insights from numerical simulations * Geological fault zone research * The efficiency of the "earthquake machine" in terms of fault rupture, friction, and seismic phenomena __Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting__ is the first book to present a systematic approach to understanding the energy changes associated with earthquakes. Solid Earth scientists, researchers and students-especially those who work in seismology, tectonophysics, rock mechanics and geodesy-will find this book an essential resource, now and into the future. Content: Title Page 3 Copyright 4 Contents 5 Preface 7 Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting 8 INTRODUCTION 8 Energy Partitioning During an Earthquake 10 INTRODUCTION 10 BASIC RELATIONS 11 SIMPLE MODEL 11 SLIP-WEAKENIN MODEL 12 THEORETICAL MODEL VS. REAL FAULTS 13 OVERSHOOT AND UNDERSHOOT 14 FRICTIONAL ENERGY 14 ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND RADIATION EFFICIENCY 15 RUPTURE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY 16 FAULT-ZONE STRUCTURE AND SEISMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 16 CONCLUSION 18 REFERENCES 19 A Brief Review of Techniques Used toEstimate Radiated Seismic Energy 21 1. INTRODUCTION 21 2. BASIC FORMULATION 22 3. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES USED TO ESTIMATE RADIATED ENERGY 23 4. OTHER MACROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS 27 5. CONCLUSIONS 28 REFERENCES 29 The Scaling of Seismic Energy With Moment:Simple Models Compared With Observations 31 1. INTRODUCTION 31 2. MOMENT AND ENERGY 32 3. SIMPLE EARTHQUAKE MODELS 33 4. ENERGY AND MOMENT OBSERVATIONS 38 5. DISCUSSION 45 REFERENCES 46 An Overview of the Global Variability inRadiated Energy and Apparent Stress 48 INTRODUCTION 48 DATA 49 ME: THE ENERGY MAGNITUDE 50 ER-MO AND TECTONIC SETTING 51 tA VS. DEPTH PLOTS AND TECTONIC SETTING 51 DISCUSSION 56 CONCLUSIONS 61 REFERENCES 61 The Radiated Energy of the2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake 63 1. INTRODUCTION 63 2. ENERGY ESTIMATE FROM THE FINITE RUPTURE MODEL 64 3. FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ESTIMATES 65 4. COMPARISON WITH THE 2001 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE MW =7.6 AND REMOVAL OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PP, PPP AND OTHER SCATTERED ENERGIES 66 5. SUMMARY OF ENERGY ESTIMATES 68 6. ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY 68 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 70 REFERENCES 71 Uncertainties in Earthquake Source Spectrum EstimationUsing Empirical Green Functions 73 1. INTRODUCTION 73 2. DATA PROCESSING 74 3. THE COMBINED EMPIRICAL GREEN FUNCTION 75 4. RESULTS FOR RADIATED SEISMIC ENERGY 77 5. DISCUSSION 77 REFERENCES 78 Source Parameters Determined From Microearthquakesin an Underground Ore Mine 79 INTRODUCTION 79 MINING DATA 80 ESTIMATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS 80 SCALING RELATIONS 81 3D FINITE-DIFFERENCE MODELING 81 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 84 REFERENCES 84 Source Scaling Relationships of Microearthquakesat Parkfield, CA, Determined Using the SAFODPilot Hole Seismic Array 85 1. INTRODUCTION 85 2. SAFOD PILOT HOLE SEISMIC ARRAY 86 3. SPECTRAL RATIO FOLLOWING DIRECT WAVES 87 4. METHOD 87 5. STATIC STRESS DROP 89 6. APPARENT STRESS 91 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 92 REFERENCES 93 Effects of Methods of Attenuation Correction on SourceParameter Determination 95 INTRODUCTION 95 DATA 96 METHODS AND RESULTS 97 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 99 REFERENCES 101 Inferring Earthquake Source Properties From Laboratory Observations and the Scope o f Lab Contributions to Source Physics 102 1. INTrODUCTION 102 2. ThE EARTHQUAKE ENERGY BUDGET 103 2.1 The Simplified Representation of Source Energy 104 2.2 Model-independent Representation of Source Energy 105 3. ROLE OF LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS IN THE STUDY OF EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PROPERTIES 108 3.1 Lab Measurements Necessary for Constitutive Relations of Dynamic Fault Strength 108 4. CONVENTIONAL FrICTIONAL AND LOWTEMPErATUrE rOCk DEFOrMATION 109 4.1. Yield Strength 109 4.2 Strength Loss 109 4.3 Slip Weakening Distance and Fracture Energy 110 4.4 Strength Recovery and Overshoot 112 5. IMPLICATIONS OF STICk-SLIP ExPErIMENTSFOr ThE SOUrCE TIME FUNCTION 113 6. HIGH STRESS DROP AND EFFICIENCY MECHANISMS 115 6.1 Unexpected Weakening at Sub-Seismic Slip Rates 115 6.2 Flash Weakening 117 6.3 Bulk Melting 118 CONCLUSIONS 120 REFERENCES 121 Relating High-Velocity Rock-Friction Experiments toCoseismic Slip in the Presence of Melts 123 1. INTRODUCTION 123 2. MElT lUBRICATION 125 3. DISCUSSION 132 4. CONClUSIONS 135 REFERENCES 135 Shear Resistance Reduction due to Vibration inSimulated Fault Gouge 137 1. INTRODUCTION 137 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 138 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 139 4. DISCUSSION 139 5. CONCLUSION 143 REFERENCES 144 Quantitative Characterization of Permeability ReductionAssociated with Compactive Cataclastic Flow 145 1. INTRODUCTION 145 2. SUMMARY OF RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 146 3. DEFORMATION MECHANISMS 147 4. A CUMULATIVE DAMAGE MODEL 148 5. DISCUSSION 151 6. CONCLUSIONS 152 REFERENCES 152 The Habitat of Fault-Generated Pseudotachylyte: Presence vs. Absence of Friction-Melt 154 1. INTRODUCTION 154 2. FRICTIONAL STRENGTH OF FAULTS 155 3. ANTICIPATED MELT THICKNESS FROM ADIABATIC MELTING 156 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF FAULT-GENERATED PSEUDOTACHYLYTE 157 5. SCARCITY OF PSEUDOTACHYLYTE 161 6. ENERGY COMPARISONS 163 7. FACTORS INHIBITING MELTING 164 8. DISCUSSION 165 REFERENCES 165 Pseudotachylyte-Bearing Strike-Slip Faults in MyloniticHost Rocks, Fort Foster Brittle Zone, Kittery, Maine 168 INTRODUCTION 168 GEOLOGIC SETTING 169 MAPPING TECHNIQUES 170 PSEUDOTACHYLYTE IN OUTCROP 170 MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 171 BRITTLE ZONE STRUCTURE 174 COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS 175 DISCUSSION 179 CONCLUSIONS 179 REFERENCES 179 Energentics of Chemical Alteration In Fault Zones and its Relationship to the Seismic Cycle 181 INTRODUCTION 181 FAULT COMPOSITION 183 ENERGY BUDGETS 186 CONCLUSIONS 190 REFERENCES 190 How Thick is a Fault? Fault Displacement-ThicknessScaling Revisited 192 INTRODUCTION 192 SHALLOW NORMAL FAULTS IN SANDSTONE 193 REACTIVATED NORMAL FAULTS IN IGNIMBRITES 193 STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN GRANITES FROMSEISMOGENIC DEPTHS 194 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 195 REFERENCES 196 Episodic Fluid Flow in an Aseismic Overpressured Growth Fault, Northern Gulf of Mexico 198 INTRODUCTION 198 DATA 199 DISCUSSION 202 REFERENCES 203 Mechanics and Interpretations of Fault Slip 205 1. INTRODUCTION 205 2. OBSERVATIONS OF SLIP 205 3. MECHANICAL MODELS 205 4. DISCUSSION 210 5. CONCLUSIONS 211 APPENDIX 212 REFERENCES 212 The Missing Sinks: Slip Localization in Faults, DamageZones, and the Seismic Energy Budget 214 1. INTRODUCTION 214 2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONE 215 3. DERIVATION OF PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONETHICKNESS 216 4. WHAT STRUCTURAL PROCESSES EXIST TOPROVIDE DISSIPATIVE ENERGY SINKS? 217 REFERENCES 218 Seismic Radiation From Simple Models of Earthquakes 220 1. INTRODUCTION 220 2. RADIATION FROM KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELS: DISLOCATIONS AND CRACkS 221 2.1. Rupture Dynamics of a Flat Fault and its SeismicRadiation 222 2.2. Energy Balance During Crack Propagation 223 2.3. High Frequency Radiation From a Rupture VelocityJump 224 3. RUPTURE FRONT DYNAMICS FOR AN ANTIPlANE FAULT WITH A KING 224 3.1. Seismic Waves Radiated by the Kink 225 3.2. Energy Balance at the Kink 225 4. NUMERICAL MODELlNG OF FAULT KINKS 226 4.1. Results of Numerical Modeling for a Single Kink 227 5. A FAULT MODEL WIH A GEOMETRICALLY COMPLEX FAULT 229 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 230 REFERENCES 232 On the Mechanical Work Absorbed on FaultsDuring Earthquake Ruptures 234 1. INTRODUCTION 234 2. FAULT ZONE MODELS 235 3. THE MECHANICAL WORK ON THE FAULT PLANE 237 4. THE ENERGY FLUX ON THE FAULT PLANE 238 5. THE MACROSCOPIC FRICTIONAL WORK 240 6. LABORATORY ESTIMATES OF FRACTUREENERGY 241 7. SEISMOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF BREAKDOWNWORK 242 8. THE PARTITION BETWEEN SURFACE ENERGYAND HEAT 247 9. SUMMARY 250 REFERENCES 250 Properties of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures With Heterogeneous Stress Drop 252 1. INTRODUCTION 252 2. MODEL ASSUMPTIONS 253 3. RUPTURE PROPERTIES IN STOCHASTIC STRESS DROP FIELDS 254 4. DISCUSSION 256 5. CONCLUSION 257 REFERENCES 258 The Effects of Flash-Weakening and Damage on the Evolution of Fault Strength and Temperature 259 1. INTRODUCTION 259 2. MODEL DESCRIPTION 260 3. MODEL RESULTS 261 4. CONCLUSIONS 264 REFERENCES 265 Impact of Friction and Scale-Dependent Initial Stress on Radiated Energy-Moment Scaling 267 1. INTRODUCTION 267 2. MODEL 268 3. RESULTS 270 4. CONCLUSIONS 275 APPENDIX 276 REFERENCES 276 On Scaling of Fracture Energy and Stress Drop in Dynamic Rupture Models: Consequences for Near-Source Ground-Motions 278 1. INTRODUCTION 278 2. DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELING AND SOURCEPARAMETER EXTRACTION 279 3. STRESS DROP SCALING 280 4. FRACTURE ENERGY SCALING 281 5. DISCUSSION 285 6. CONCLUSIONS 286 REFERENCES 287 Mechanics of Sliding in Rate/State Friction Experiments 289 1. INTRODUCTION 289 2. THE MODEL 289 3. ANALYSIS 290 DISCUSSION 292 REFERENCES 293 The Strength of the San Andreas Fault: A Critical Analysis 294 1. INTRODUCTION 294 2. BACKGROUND 294 3. MECHANISMS FOR A WEAK FAULT 295 4. ARE STRESS MEASUREMENTS CONSISTENT WITH THE WEAK SAF HYPOTHESIS? 298 5. THE HEAT FLOW DATA REVISITED 301 6. CONCLUSIONS 303 REFERENCES 303 What do Faults Feel? Observational Constraints on the Stresses Acting on Seismogenic Faults 305 1. INTRODUCTION: TECTONIC STRESS AND EARTHQUAKE FAULTING 305 2. OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE TECTONIC STRESS TENSOR 306 3. THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD NEAR PLATE-BOUNDING FAULTS 310 4. TEMPORAL CHANGES: STRESS DROPS, STRESS ROTATIONS, AND STRESS HETEROGENEITY 314 5. SUMMARY 315 APPENDIX A: FOCAL MECHANISM CONSTRAINTS ON THE PRINCIPAL STRESS DIRECTIONS 316 REFERENCES 317 Title Page ......Page 3 Copyright ......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Preface ......Page 7 INTRODUCTION......Page 8 INTRODUCTION......Page 10 SIMPLE MODEL......Page 11 SLIP-WEAKENIN MODEL......Page 12 THEORETICAL MODEL VS. REAL FAULTS......Page 13 FRICTIONAL ENERGY......Page 14 ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND RADIATION EFFICIENCY......Page 15 FAULT-ZONE STRUCTURE AND SEISMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS......Page 16 CONCLUSION......Page 18 REFERENCES......Page 19 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 21 2. BASIC FORMULATION......Page 22 3. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES USED TO ESTIMATE RADIATED ENERGY......Page 23 4. OTHER MACROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS......Page 27 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 28 REFERENCES......Page 29 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 31 2. MOMENT AND ENERGY......Page 32 3. SIMPLE EARTHQUAKE MODELS......Page 33 4. ENERGY AND MOMENT OBSERVATIONS......Page 38 5. DISCUSSION......Page 45 REFERENCES......Page 46 INTRODUCTION......Page 48 DATA......Page 49 ME: THE ENERGY MAGNITUDE......Page 50 tA VS. DEPTH PLOTS AND TECTONIC SETTING......Page 51 DISCUSSION......Page 56 REFERENCES......Page 61 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 63 2. ENERGY ESTIMATE FROM THE FINITE RUPTURE MODEL......Page 64 3. FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ESTIMATES......Page 65 4. COMPARISON WITH THE 2001 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE MW =7.6 AND REMOVAL OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PP, PPP AND OTHER SCATTERED ENERGIES......Page 66 6. ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY......Page 68 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 70 REFERENCES......Page 71 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 73 2. DATA PROCESSING......Page 74 3. THE COMBINED EMPIRICAL GREEN FUNCTION......Page 75 5. DISCUSSION......Page 77 REFERENCES......Page 78 INTRODUCTION......Page 79 ESTIMATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS......Page 80 3D FINITE-DIFFERENCE MODELING......Page 81 REFERENCES......Page 84 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 85 2. SAFOD PILOT HOLE SEISMIC ARRAY......Page 86 4. METHOD......Page 87 5. STATIC STRESS DROP......Page 89 6. APPARENT STRESS......Page 91 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 92 REFERENCES......Page 93 INTRODUCTION......Page 95 DATA......Page 96 METHODS AND RESULTS......Page 97 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 99 REFERENCES......Page 101 1. INTrODUCTION......Page 102 2. ThE EARTHQUAKE ENERGY BUDGET......Page 103 2.1 The Simplified Representation of Source Energy......Page 104 2.2 Model-independent Representation of Source Energy......Page 105 3.1 Lab Measurements Necessary for Constitutive Relations of Dynamic Fault Strength......Page 108 4.2 Strength Loss......Page 109 4.3 Slip Weakening Distance and Fracture Energy......Page 110 4.4 Strength Recovery and Overshoot......Page 112 5. IMPLICATIONS OF STICk-SLIP ExPErIMENTSFOr ThE SOUrCE TIME FUNCTION......Page 113 6.1 Unexpected Weakening at Sub-Seismic Slip Rates......Page 115 6.2 Flash Weakening......Page 117 6.3 Bulk Melting......Page 118 CONCLUSIONS......Page 120 REFERENCES......Page 121 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 123 2. MElT lUBRICATION......Page 125 3. DISCUSSION......Page 132 REFERENCES......Page 135 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 137 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS......Page 138 4. DISCUSSION......Page 139 5. CONCLUSION......Page 143 REFERENCES......Page 144 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 145 2. SUMMARY OF RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 146 3. DEFORMATION MECHANISMS......Page 147 4. A CUMULATIVE DAMAGE MODEL......Page 148 5. DISCUSSION......Page 151 REFERENCES......Page 152 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 154 2. FRICTIONAL STRENGTH OF FAULTS......Page 155 3. ANTICIPATED MELT THICKNESS FROM ADIABATIC MELTING......Page 156 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF FAULT-GENERATED PSEUDOTACHYLYTE......Page 157 5. SCARCITY OF PSEUDOTACHYLYTE......Page 161 6. ENERGY COMPARISONS......Page 163 7. FACTORS INHIBITING MELTING......Page 164 REFERENCES......Page 165 INTRODUCTION......Page 168 GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 169 PSEUDOTACHYLYTE IN OUTCROP......Page 170 MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 171 BRITTLE ZONE STRUCTURE......Page 174 COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS......Page 175 REFERENCES......Page 179 INTRODUCTION......Page 181 FAULT COMPOSITION......Page 183 ENERGY BUDGETS......Page 186 REFERENCES......Page 190 INTRODUCTION......Page 192 REACTIVATED NORMAL FAULTS IN IGNIMBRITES......Page 193 STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN GRANITES FROMSEISMOGENIC DEPTHS......Page 194 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 195 REFERENCES......Page 196 INTRODUCTION......Page 198 DATA......Page 199 DISCUSSION......Page 202 REFERENCES......Page 203 3. MECHANICAL MODELS......Page 205 4. DISCUSSION......Page 210 5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 211 REFERENCES......Page 212 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 214 2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONE......Page 215 3. DERIVATION OF PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONETHICKNESS......Page 216 4. WHAT STRUCTURAL PROCESSES EXIST TOPROVIDE DISSIPATIVE ENERGY SINKS?......Page 217 REFERENCES......Page 218 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 220 2. RADIATION FROM KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELS: DISLOCATIONS AND CRACkS......Page 221 2.1. Rupture Dynamics of a Flat Fault and its SeismicRadiation......Page 222 2.2. Energy Balance During Crack Propagation......Page 223 3. RUPTURE FRONT DYNAMICS FOR AN ANTIPlANE FAULT WITH A KING......Page 224 3.2. Energy Balance at the Kink......Page 225 4. NUMERICAL MODELlNG OF FAULT KINKS......Page 226 4.1. Results of Numerical Modeling for a Single Kink......Page 227 5. A FAULT MODEL WIH A GEOMETRICALLY COMPLEX FAULT......Page 229 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 230 REFERENCES......Page 232 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 234 2. FAULT ZONE MODELS......Page 235 3. THE MECHANICAL WORK ON THE FAULT PLANE......Page 237 4. THE ENERGY FLUX ON THE FAULT PLANE......Page 238 5. THE MACROSCOPIC FRICTIONAL WORK......Page 240 6. LABORATORY ESTIMATES OF FRACTUREENERGY......Page 241 7. SEISMOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF BREAKDOWNWORK......Page 242 8. THE PARTITION BETWEEN SURFACE ENERGYAND HEAT......Page 247 REFERENCES......Page 250 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 252 2. MODEL ASSUMPTIONS......Page 253 3. RUPTURE PROPERTIES IN STOCHASTIC STRESS DROP FIELDS......Page 254 4. DISCUSSION......Page 256 5. CONCLUSION......Page 257 REFERENCES......Page 258 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 259 2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 260 3. MODEL RESULTS......Page 261 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 264 REFERENCES......Page 265 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 267 2. MODEL......Page 268 3. RESULTS......Page 270 4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 275 REFERENCES......Page 276 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278 2. DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELING AND SOURCEPARAMETER EXTRACTION......Page 279 3. STRESS DROP SCALING......Page 280 4. FRACTURE ENERGY SCALING......Page 281 5. DISCUSSION......Page 285 6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 286 REFERENCES......Page 287 2. THE MODEL......Page 289 3. ANALYSIS......Page 290 DISCUSSION......Page 292 REFERENCES......Page 293 2. BACKGROUND......Page 294 3. MECHANISMS FOR A WEAK FAULT......Page 295 4. ARE STRESS MEASUREMENTS CONSISTENT WITH THE WEAK SAF HYPOTHESIS?......Page 298 5. THE HEAT FLOW DATA REVISITED......Page 301 REFERENCES......Page 303 1. INTRODUCTION: TECTONIC STRESS AND EARTHQUAKE FAULTING......Page 305 2. OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE TECTONIC STRESS TENSOR......Page 306 3. THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD NEAR PLATE-BOUNDING FAULTS......Page 310 4. TEMPORAL CHANGES: STRESS DROPS, STRESS ROTATIONS, AND STRESS HETEROGENEITY......Page 314 5. SUMMARY......Page 315 APPENDIX A: FOCAL MECHANISM CONSTRAINTS ON THE PRINCIPAL STRESS DIRECTIONS......Page 316 REFERENCES......Page 317 Preface / Rachel E. Abercrombie, Art Mcgarr, Giulio Di Toro, And Hiroo Kanamori -- Introduction / Rachel E. Abercrombie, Art Mcgarr, Hiroo Kanamori, And Giulio Di Toro -- Energy Partitioning During An Earthquake / Hiroo Kanamori And Luis Rivera. Section I: The Measure Of Radiated Energy And Its Behavior A Brief Review Of Techniques Used To Estimate Radiated Seismic Energy / Anupama Venkataraman, John Boatwright, And Gregory C. Beroza -- The Scaling Of Seismic Energy With Moment: Simple Models Compared With Observations / William R. Walter, Kevin Mayeda, Rengin Gok, And Abraham Hofstetter -- An Overview Of The Global Variability In Radiated Energy And Apparent Stress / George L. Choy, Art Mcgarr, Stephen H. Kirby, And John Boatwright -- The Radiated Energy Of The 2004 Sumatra-andaman Earthquake / Hiroo Kanamori -- Uncertainties In Earthquake Source Spectrum Estimation Using Empirical Green Functions / Germán A. Prieto, Robert L. Parker, Frank L. Vernon, Peter M. Shearer, And David J. Thomson -- Source Paramenters Determined From Microearthquakes In An Underground Ore Mine / Volker Oye, Michael Roth, And Hilmar Bungum -- Source Scaling Relationships Of Microearthquakes At Parkfield, Ca, Determined Using The Safod Pilot Hole Seismic Array / Kazutoshi Imanishi And William L. Ellsworth -- Effects Of Methods Of Attenuation Correction On Source Parameter Determination / Eleanor Sonley And Rachel E. Abercrombie. Section Ii: The View From The Lab Inferring Earthquake Source Properties From Laboratory Observations And The Scope Of Lab Contributions To Source Physics / N.m. Beeler -- Relating High-velocity Rock-friction Experiments To Coseismic Slip In The Presence Of Melts / Giulio Di Toro, Takehiro Hirose, Stefan Nielsen, And Toshihiko Shimamoto -- Shear Resistance Reduction Due To Vibration In Simulated Fault Gouge / Takane Hori, Hide Sakaguchi, Naoto Yoshioka, And Yoshiyuka Kaneda -- Quantitative Characterization Of Permeability Reduction Associated With Compactive Cataclastic Flow / Wenlu Zhu. Section Iii: The View From The Field The Habitat Of Fault-generated Pseudotachylyte: Presence Vs. Absence Of Friction-melt / Richard H. Sibson And Virginia G. Toy -- Pseudotachylyte-nearing Strike-slip Faults In Mylonitic Host Rocks, Fort Foster Brittle Zone, Kittery, Maine / Mark T. Swanson -- Energentics Of Chemical Alteration In Fault Zones And Its Relationship To Seismic Cycle / Joseph R. Jacobs, James P. Evans, And Peter T. Kolesar -- How Thick Is This Fault? Fault Displacement-thickness Scaling Revisited / Zoe K. Shipton, Aisling M. Soden, James D. Kirkpatrick, Aileen M. Bright, And Rebecca J. Lunn -- Episodic Fluid Flow In An Aseismic Overpressured Growth Fault, Northern Gulf Of Mexico / Steven Losh And Matthew Haney -- Mechanics And Interpretations Of Fault Slip / Stephen J. Martel And Christin Shacat -- The Missing Sinks: Slip Localization In Faults, Damage Zones, And The Seismic Energy Budget / Zoe K. Shipton, James P. Evans, Rachel E. Abercrombie, And Emily E. Brodsky. Section Iv: Earthquakes In Theory Seismic Radiation From Simple Models Of Earthquakes / R. Madariaga, J.-p. Ampuero, And M. Adda-bedia -- On The Mechanical Work Absorbed On Faults During Earthquake Ruptures / Massimo Cocco, Paul Spudich, And Elisa Tinti -- Properties Of Dynamic Earthquake Ruptures With Heterogeneous Stress Drop / J.-p. Ampuero, J. Ripperger, And P.m. Mai -- The Effects Of Flash-weakening And Damage On The Evolution Of Fault Strength And Temperature / A.w. Rempel -- Impact Of Friction And Scale-dependent Initial Stress On Radiated Energy-moment Scaling / Bruce E. Shaw -- On Scaling Of Fracture Energy And Stress Drop In Dynamic Rupture Models: Consequences For Near-source Ground-motions / P.m. Mai, P. Somerville, A. Pitarka, L. Dalguer, S. Song, G. Beroza, H. Miyake, And K. Irikura -- Mechanics Of Sliding In Rate/state Friction Experiments / J.b. Walsh. Section V: How Efficient Is The Earthquake Machine And How Strong Are Its Working Parts? The Strength Of The San Andreas Fault: A Critical Analysis / Christopher H. Scholz -- What Do Faults Feel? Observational Constraints On The Stresses Acting On Seismogenic Faults / John Townend. Rachel Abercrombie ... [et Al.], Editors. Includes Bibliographical References. Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series . Earthquakes, from the smallest to the largest, release elastic strain energy. Where does this energy go? How much is radiated and how much is expended in other source processes, such as overcoming fault friction? Do large and small earthquakes differ with regard to rupture physics? This book examines such questions and current debates from five vantage points: How we measure earthquake energy Effects of earthquake size and tectonic setting Insights from numerical simulations Geological fault zone research The efficiency of the "earthquake machine" in terms of fault rupture, friction, and seismic phenomena Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting is the first book to present a systematic approach to understanding the energy changes associated with earthquakes. Solid Earth scientists, researchers and students-especially those who work in seismology, tectonophysics, rock mechanics and geodesy-will find this book an essential resource, now and into the future. Content: