Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation : Contributions in the Honour of Late Professor D. K. Paul

This book has been brought out in remembrance of Prof. DK Paul who has contributed immensely to the domain of Earthquake Engineering and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation. Prof. Paul was a leading authority in this field and has made significant contributions in Earthquake Resistant Analysis as well as Design of various special structures, which resulted in earthquake disaster reduction in India. This book comprises recent diverse topics on earthquake engineering and disaster mitigation. The chapters are of interest to readers, as the different chapters will elaborate popular topics on various aspects of earthquake engineering and disaster management. Substantial research work has been carried out in the domain of earthquake engineering for understanding the underlying phenomena as well as to attain relevance in mitigating disaster. Under overarching umbrella of earthquake engineering and technology, systematic categorization of various ongoing research details pertaining to earthquake engineering and disaster management has been introduced in this book. The chapters appended in this book not only comprise detailed understanding of the responses of soil and structure under the implications of seismic loading but also address some of the innovative ways to cater the implications of severe loading conditions. Further, this book also introduces specific case studies pertaining to various regions of India, which will aid the readers to attain a detailed idea about the seismic aspects of those regions in order to undergo further research. This also aids in mitigating potential hazards due to future earthquakes in terms of taking proper remedial measures. The appended chapters comprise in-depth knowledge about several aspects on earthquake engineering such as nonlinear seismic response of both superstructures and embedded structures, design spectrum, amplification prediction, simulation with the aid of stochastic approaches, seismic performance of structures as well as earthquake induced disasters. The aforementioned wide-ranging topics pertaining to earthquake engineering and disaster management aid in substantial development in futuristic research and employ innovative ways to cater the needs of mitigating disasters. All the chapters consist of proper illustrations and tables which makes it easy to comprehend the vital concepts for the readers as well as aids in implementing new aspects in the field in addition to classroom learning. Preface I Preface II Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors 1 Smoothed and Normalized Design Spectrum for Indian Rock Sites 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Indian Seismicity and Seismotectonic 1.3 Geology and Subsurface of India 1.4 Regional Approach for Seismic Zonation Map 1.4.1 Regional Seismic Hazard Analysis 1.5 Soil Consideration and Design Spectrum 1.6 Response and Design Spectrum 1.6.1 Acceleration Time History to Design Spectrum 1.6.2 Cut-Off Period for Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement 1.7 Smoothed and Normalized Spectrum from India 1.8 Code Design Spectrum 1.8.1 Elastic Design Response Spectra for Single Input 1.8.2 Elastic Design Response Spectra for Two Inputs 1.9 New Design Spectrum 1.9.1 Horizontal Motion Design Spectrum 1.9.2 Vertical Motion Design Spectrum 1.10 Summary and Conclusion References 2 Development of Relationships to Predict Amplification of SH-Wave Across Two-dimensional Deep-Basins at Fundamental Frequency 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basin Model Parameters 2.3 SH-Wave Basin Responses and Validation 2.3.1 SH-Wave Response of Considered Basins 2.3.2 Validation of Modes of Vibrations of Deep-Basins 2.3.3 Validation of Amplification at Fundamental Frequency of 1D Basin 2.4 Effects of Shape-ratio on Basin Response 2.4.1 Fundamental Frequency (F02D) 2.4.2 Amplification at F02D of Basin 2.5 Effect of Quality Factor 2.6 Effect of Impedance Contrast 2.6.1 Variation of F02D with IC 2.6.2 Variation of Amplification at F02D of Basin 2.7 Development of Relationships 2.8 Discussion and Conclusions References 3 Earthquake Induced Landslide Hazard Evaluation for Seismic Microzonation: A Case Study of the Garhwal Himalayas 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Seismic Microzonation Approach 3.2.1 Definition of Microzonation Problem 3.2.2 Global Trends of Microzonation Works 3.2.3 Objectives and Outputs of a Typical Seismic Microzonation Project 3.3 Methodology 3.3.1 Generation of Seismic Factor (PGA) Using PSHA 3.4 Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard Zonation: Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Preparation of the Database for Multi-hazard Integration 3.4.2 Multi-hazard Integration 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Role of Uncertainties in Site Response Analysis and Their Incorporation in Seismic Hazard Workflow 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Site Response Analysis (SRA) 4.3 Uncertainty in Site Response 4.4 Incorporation of Site Response in PSHA 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Dynamic Characterisation of Soil Profiles in Southern Calicut Region in Kerala State 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Study Area 5.3.1 Geology 5.3.2 Geomorphology 5.3.3 Climate 5.4 MASW Testing 5.4.1 Data Processing 5.4.2 Shear Velocity Profiles and Site Classification 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Frequency-dependent Dynamic Properties of Saturated Brahmaputra River Sand Based on Cyclic Triaxial Tests 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Previous Studies on Frequency Dependent Dynamic Properties of Soil 6.3 Experimental Investigations 6.3.1 Properties of Material Used 6.3.2 Sample Preparation for Triaxial Tests 6.3.3 Triaxial Testing Apparatus and Testing Procedure 6.4 Strain and Stress-controlled Cyclic Loading: Input and Output 6.5 Results and Discussions 6.5.1 Strain-controlled Cyclic Loading 6.5.2 Stress-controlled Cyclic Loading 6.6 Summary and Conclusions References 7 Assessment of Reliquefaction Behavior of Solani Sand Specimen Using 1-g Shaking Table Experiments 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Why Reliquefaction Needs to Be Considered? 7.3 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure 7.3.1 Experimental Setup 7.3.2 Test Sand 7.3.3 Experimental Procedure 7.4 Results and Discussions 7.4.1 Effect of Shaking Duration and Pattern on Pore Pressure Generation 7.4.2 Effect on Time Taken to Attain Maximum Pore Pressure 7.4.3 Effect of Repeated Shaking on Soil Displacement 7.4.4 Influence of Shaking Duration on Sand Density 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Behaviour of Batter Piles Under Machine Induced Vibrations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Field Investigation 8.2.1 Site and Soil Conditions 8.2.2 Construction of Piles with a Cap 8.2.3 Loading and Response 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Lateral Response 8.3.2 Vertical Response 8.4 Limitations of the Present Study 8.5 Conclusions References 9 A Comparative Study on Seismic Response of Pile in Liquefiable Soils Considering Level and Sloping Ground 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Numerical Modelling 9.2.1 Validation Study for Static Loading 9.2.2 Validation Study for Dynamic Loading 9.3 Parametric Studies 9.3.1 Modelling Procedure 9.3.2 Soil-Pile Interface Model 9.4 Results and Discussions 9.4.1 Soil-Pile Interaction in Level Ground 9.4.2 Soil-Pile Interaction in Sloping Ground 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Efficacy of a Hybrid Foundation to Mitigate Liquefaction-induced Effects Under Strong Sequential Ground Motions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Experimental Scheme 10.3 Results and Discussions 10.4 Summary and Conclusions References 11 Influence of Vertical Seismic Coefficient in Seismic Analysis of Hydro-Tunnel in Rock 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Geology of Site 11.3 Geotechnical Data 11.4 Methodology 11.4.1 Model Geometry and Mesh Details 11.5 Results and Discussions 11.6 Conclusions References 12 Experimental Studies on the Dynamic Response of Buildings Supported on Pile and Piled Raft Foundation in Soft Clay 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Construction of Scaled Model Representing Prototype Structure 12.2.1 Model Soil Container for SSI 12.2.2 Preparation of Soil Mix 12.3 Analysis of Prototype Structure and Scaled Model 12.3.1 Experimental Investigation 12.3.2 Numerical Analysis 12.4 Results and Discussion 12.4.1 Fixed Base Condition 12.4.2 Flexible Base Condition 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Seismic Performance of a Masonry Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frame Building Designed as per Indian Codes 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Code Provisions 13.3 Design Procedure 13.4 Performance Assessment 13.5 Conclusion References