Earth retaining structures and stability analysis : proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2021. Volume 6

This book comprises the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2021. The contents focus on Geotechnics for Infrastructure Development and Innovative Applications. This book covers topics geotechnical challenges in tunnel construction, related performance of temporary secant pile wall, soil nail walls, rock-fill embankment dams, performance of MSE wall, stability analysis, dynamic stability and landslide simulations, landslide early warning system, among others. This book is of interest to those in academia and industry. This book is of interest to those in academia and industry. Contents About the Editors 1 Incorporation of Surrounding Rock Layer Presence in the Design of Underground Cut and Cover Box Structure Introduction Project Location and Station Description Geotechnical and Geological Conditions of Project Location Model of the Case Study Construction Stage Analysis Service Stage Analysis Stability Analysis Discussion on Analysis and Results Conclusion References 2 Elastic–Perfectly Plastic Behavior of Lower Siwalik Sandstones Introduction Study Area In-Situ Shear Testing Calculation and Interpretation Rock Over Rock Interface (RR) Concrete Over Rock Interface (CR) Conclusion References 3 Effect of Volume Loss During Tunnel Construction on the Ground Surface Introduction Problem Description Numerical Modeling Results and Discussion Elastic Analysis Elasto-Plastic Analysis Conclusion References 4 Crack Growth in Rocks with Pre-existing Flaws Subjected to Uniaxial and Biaxial Compression Introduction Experimental Study Sample Preparation and Testing Experimental Results Numerical Study Material Model and Input Parameters Numerical Results Summary and Conclusion References 5 Parametric Study on the Performance of Temporary Secant Pile Wall Introduction Parameters Influencing the Secant Piles Diameter of Pile Overlapping Distance of Primary and Secondary Pile Material of Pile (Grade of Concrete) Drained and Undrained Condition of Soil Support Configuration (Strut or Anchor) Soil and Wall Properties Results and Discussion Summary Conclusion References 6 Numerical Analysis of Ground Settlement Induced by Shallow Tunnels Introduction Characteristics of Ground Settlement Settlement Causes Parameters or Factors Affecting Settlement Calculation Analysis Empirical Analysis Numerical Analysis Results and Discussion Settlement Analysis for a Metro Project Conclusion References 7 Seismic Assessment of Horseshoe-Shaped Tunnel Using a Pseudo-Static Approach Introduction Geological Details of Study Area Geotechnical Details Methodology Design Approaches Approach 1: Equivalent Continuum Approach Approach 2: Continuum with the Interface Results and Discussion Approach 1: Continuum Rock Mass Approach 2: Continuum with the Interface Conclusion References 8 Effects of the Shield Driving on Soil Arching Around the Tunnel Introduction Input Parameters for the Numerical Analysis Finite Element Model Results and Discussion Stress Variation at α, β, γ, and Δ Conclusion References 9 Stability Analysis of Overburden Dump Slope—A Case Study of Marki Mangli-I Coal Mine Introduction Details of Study Site Data Regarding Rainfall Objective Methodology Laboratory Analysis Stability Analysis of OBD Slope Results and Discussion Conclusion Future Scope References 10 Living Soil Nails to Prevent Shallow Landslides in Lateritic Soil Slopes Introduction Materials Numerical Modeling of Slopes with and Without Vegetation Experimental Investigations Conclusions References 11 Restoration Measures of Landslide Affected Valley Slope—A Case Study of Tindharia Area Along NH 55 in West Bengal Introduction on Occurrences of Landslides at Tindharia Probable Reasons of Occurrence of Landslide Earthquake Rainfall Poor Drainage Material Condition of Valley Slope Investigations of Landslide Affected Area Topographical Survey Geological Investigations Geotechnical Investigations Material Investigations Hydrological Investigations Design of Restoration for Landslide Affected Valley Slope Proposed Slope Geometry Engineering Properties of Fill Material Geotechnical Engineering Parameters for Subsurface Stratifications Design Analysis of Restoration Works Design Recommendations on Restoration Work as Per DPR Design Confirmation at Construction Stage Design Analysis of Existing Valley Slope Reinforced with Steel Nails Design Analysis of Reinforced Earth® Composite Slope Structure Sequences of Restoration Work of Valley Slope at Tindharia I Stabilization of Existing Slope Using Nails by Top-Down Construction Installation of Semi-perforated Drainage Pipes Inside of Existing Slope Pull-Out Test of Nails Widening of Valley Slope by Reinforced Earth® Composite Technology (TerraLink®) Quality Control in Restoration Work of Valley Slope Summary References 12 Effect of Hysteretic SWCC on Marappalam Rainfall-Triggered Slope Failure Introduction Physiological Properties of the Studied Slope Material Properties and Boundary Conditions Monte Carle Simulations Results and Discussion Influence of Hysteretic Cycles on Factor of Safety Influence of Hysteretic Cycles on Reliability Index Conclusion References 13 Effect of Antecedent Uniform Rainfall Pattern on the Stability of a Typical Northeastern Slope Introduction Background Soil Properties Slope Geometry Boundary Conditions Methodology Designing Rainfall Patterns Results and Discussions Conclusion References 14 Response of Isolated Shallow Footing on Sloping Ground with Dynamic Loading Introduction Materials and Modeling Results and Discussions Conclusion References 15 Detection, Monitoring, and Early Warning of Landslides Using In-Situ Ground-Based Monitoring Techniques: A Review Introduction Sensors Desirable for Landslides Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network Landslides Detection Algorithms Limitations Summary References 16 A Comprehensive Review on Rainfall-Induced Slope Failures: Mechanism, Models, and Influencing Factors Introduction Mechanism of Rainfall-Triggered Landslides Infiltration Models Other Factors Case Study Study Area and Material Parameters Analysis and Results Conclusion References 17 Optimum Thickness of Veneer Cover Soil of MSW Landfill for Stability Against Uplifted-Floating Failure Introduction Literature Review Objectives of the Present Study Analysis of Uplifted-Floating (uf) Failure Force Analysis and Factor of Safety Against Uplifted-Floating Failure, FSuf Results and Discussion Effect of Immersion Ratio (Ir) Effect of φ and c/γsat H Effect of L/H Ratio Design Example Conclusion References 18 A Concise Review of State-of-the-Art on Landslide Monitoring and Warning System in India Introduction Regional Scale Monitoring Mathematical Relationships Were Developed for Historical Rainfall Data in India Zonal Scale of Monitoring Site-Specific Monitoring Conclusion References 19 Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis of Bioreactor Landfills Introduction Analysis Methods and Illustrative Example Limit Equilibrium Based Deterministic Stability Analysis Probabilistic Stability Analysis Results and Discussion Results of the Limit Equilibrium Based Slope Stability Analysis Results of the Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis Conclusion References 20 Experimental Investigation of Pull-Out Resistance of Grouted Soil Nails—A Critical Review Introduction Pull-Out Box Tests Interface Shear Tests Effect of In-Situ Moisture Content Variation Effect of Overburden Pressure Effect of Grout Pressure Conclusion References 21 Reduction of Surface Erosion of Soil Slopes Using Alkali Activated Binder Treated Jute Fibers Introduction Materials Jute Alkali Activated Binder Soil Laboratory Scale Slope Model Setup Artificial Rainfall Setup Laboratory Scale Slope Model Analysis of Erosion Rate Conclusions References 22 Parametric and Stability Analysis of Landslide Near Somwarpet, Coorg District, Karnataka Introduction Literature Review Methodology Parametric Study Case Study at Kundalli, Somwarpet Taluk Study Area Experimental Investigations Numerical Analysis of Kundalli Landslide Conclusion References 23 Dynamic Stability and Landslide Simulations in Hilly Regions of Kerala Introduction Characterization of Soil Slopes Integrated Landslide Simulation Model—LS Rapid Geometrical Features of the Slopes Creation of Topography Soil Properties Numerical Simulation of Rainfall Induced Landslides Numerical Simulation of Seismically Induced Landslides Parametric Study Effect of Rainfall Intensity, i.e., Average Pore Pressure Ratio Effect of Dynamic Loading Effect of Cohesion Effect of Steady-State Shear Strength of Soil Conclusions References 24 Historical Development of Landslide Early Warning System (LEWS): A Review Introduction Historical Advancement of Landslide Early Warning System Historical Trend Currently Available Different Methods of Monitoring and Early Warning System Concluding Remark References 25 Study on Design of Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall with Copper Slag as Fill Material Introduction Literature Review Material Properties Design of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls External Stability Internal Stability Seismic Design Considerations Design Results Conclusions References 26 Multi-Approach Global Stability Assessment of Soil Nail Walls Introduction Deterministic Global Stability Analysis Reliability-Based Global Stability Analysis Computational Global Stability Analysis Results and Discussion Concluding Remarks References 27 Finite Element Analysis of Back-To-Back Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall Introduction Back-To-Back MSEW Current Study Literature Review Numerical Model Results Conclusion References 28 Behavior of Diaphragm Wall in Semi Top-Down Construction Method: A Case Study Introduction Subsoil Stratigraphy Analysis of Retaining Wall Subsoil and Ground Water Table Surcharge Analysis and Design Construction Sequence Modeled in WALLAP Analysis Results Construction Sequence Adopted at Site Monitoring of Retention System Conclusions 29 Review of Use of Asphaltic Concrete Core in Earthen/Rock Fill Embankment Dam Introduction Introduction Advantage of Asphaltic Concrete Core Characteristics of Asphaltic Concrete Core Design Principle Construction Methods Production Asphaltic Concrete Plant Spreading Compaction Joint Treatment Test Methods Tests on Mixes Triaxial Test Asphalt Concrete Core Versus Clay Core Relative Performance Evaluation Field Values of Seepage as Well as Displacement Values of Dams Conclusion References 30 Construction of Diaphragm Wall for Seawater Intake Pump House Introduction Site Conditions Subsoil Environment Numerical Analysis Effect of Analysis Method Effect of Water Table Effect of Over Dig Effect of Drained/Undrained Analysis Embedment Depth of Multi Propped Walls Execution Challenges Working Platform Stability Working Platform Level Cage Stability Conclusions References 31 Seismic Stability of Reinforced Soil Wall Using Horizontal Slice Method: Effect of Surcharge on Cohesive-Frictional Soils Introduction Methodology Assumption Proposed Formulation Tensile Force Due to Oblique Pull Results and Discussion Variation in FOS (FST) with an Angle of Friction of Soil (Φ) Effect of Stiffness of Backfill Variation in FST with Kh Effect of No. Of Reinforcements (N) on FST Effect of Kh with Cohesion on Various Horizontal Seismic Coefficients Conclusion References 32 A Comparative Study on the Stability Analysis of Tailings Pond Embankments Under Transient and Steady-State Seepage Conditions Introduction Site Description and Geometry of Existing EoTP Geometry of Embankments for Height Raising Methodology Finite Element Modeling in RS2 Simulation of Staged Construction Materials and Constitutive Laws Loading and Boundary Conditions Results and Discussion Evolution of EPWP and Critical SRF During Different Phases of Construction Comparison of Transient and Steady-State Analysis Conclusions References 33 Structural Behavior of Partial Seepage Barriers for Variations in Depth of Pervious Stratum Introduction Problem Description and Modeling Study and Discussion Displacement Study in Upstream Cut-Off Bending Moment Study in Upstream Cut-Off Displacement Study in Downstream Cut-Off Wall Bending Moments in Downstream Cut-Off Maximum Bending Moment in Cut-Off Walls Ideal Depth Ratios in Cut-Off Walls Conclusion References 34 Performance Evaluation of Scrap Rubber-Sand Mixture Reinforced with Geogrids as a Backfill Material in Retaining Walls Introduction Materials Reinforcing Material Experimental Program Results and Discussions Conclusions References 35 Behavior of Cantilever Concrete Diaphragm Wall Under Sequential Excavation of Front-Fill Soil: A Numerical Study Introduction Wall and Soil Profiles Numerical Modeling Numerical Model Validation Results and Discussion Lateral Earth Pressures Displacements of Wall Bending Moments Deformation of the Ground Surface After Final Excavation Conclusions References 36 Gabion Walls—A Remedial Measure for Slope Stabilization Introduction Design Principle of Gabion Retaining Wall Advantages of Gabion Retaining Wall Present Study Area Objective Soil Test and Interpretation Slope Stability Analysis Using Geostudio Suggested Remedial Measures Gabion Wall Concrete Gravity Retaining Wall [4] Cost Comparison Conclusion References 37 Stability Enhancement of Railway Embankment Using Geosynthetic Layer Introduction Investigating Parameter Methodology Bishop Method for Slope Stability Present Analysis Result Dataset for A Factor of Safety with or Without Geogrid Conclusion References 38 Numerical Analysis of Earthen Embankment Resting on Soft Clay Deposit Introduction Background Scope of Study Objectives Literature Review Methodology Parametric Analysis Effect of Embankment Height Effect of Embankment Slope Effect of Ground Water Table Conclusion References 39 Study on Soil–Panel Interaction on the Performance of MSE Wall Introduction Numerical Modeling Geometry of the Wall Material Properties Meshing and Boundary Conditions Effect of Soil–Panel Friction on Wall Displacements Conclusions References 40 Effect of Different Compressible Inclusions on Lateral Earth Pressure Reduction in Rigid Retaining Wall Introduction Validation of Numerical Model Numerical Modeling Results and Discussions Conclusion References 41 Restoration of Breached Ash Dyke Embankment in Constrained Site Conditions Introduction Design of Ash Pond Design Considerations Construction and Operation of Raising Dyke Dyke Embankment of Starter Dyke and Raising Dyke Decanted Water Evacuation System Incidence of Breach of Ash Dyke Embankment Review of Original Design and Formulation of Restoration Scheme Review of Original Design Design of Restoration Scheme Conclusion Reference