Early life origins of human health and disease 6 tables

A Karger 'Publishing Highlights 1890–2015' title There is compelling evidence that many of the risks leading to the most frequent chronic diseases in adulthood originate in the earliest stages of life. Adverse environmental conditions in utero and during infancy can lead to negative health effects during the subsequent lifetime of the exposed individual. This book offers precious insights into the latest concepts and results from epidemiologic, clinical and basic studies in this burgeoning area of health care. The developmental origins of various diseases such as diabetes, obesity and cancer are examined, as well as the early programming of reproductive health and different organs. Attention is given to the impact of environmental factors such as nutrition and pollution, and the mediating genetic and epigenetic pathways are reviewed. A crucial point under discussion is the concept of environmental insults adversely affecting not only the exposed persons, but also their descendants. In addition, the economic consequences of a suboptimal start to life and the importance of preventive measures are stressed. This publication is of great value to anyone interested in health care, notably to specialists in obstetrics, pediatrics, internal medicine, obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 Abbreviations......Page 8 Issue 1: The Need for a Conceptual Framework – Moving beyond Phenomenology......Page 10 Issue 2: The Place of Development in Biological Thought......Page 13 Issue 3: The Need for a Mechanism......Page 15 Issue 4: The Geopolitical Implications of DOHaD......Page 16 References......Page 17 Phenotype Induction and Gene Transcription......Page 20 Epigenetic Mechanisms and Regulation of Transcription......Page 21 Early Life Environment and Epigenetic Gene Regulation......Page 23 Maternal Protein Restriction and Altered Epigenetic Gene Regulation......Page 24 Transgenerational Transmission of Altered Epigenetic Gene Regulation......Page 26 Observations in Humans......Page 27 References......Page 28 The Economics of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Modelling the Benefit of a Healthy Start to Life......Page 30 Targeting the Life Course......Page 31 Global Applicability......Page 33 Valuing Health......Page 34 Challenges Ahead......Page 35 References......Page 36 Nutritional Interventions in Mothers to Improve the Health of the Offspring – Are We Ready?......Page 38 Evidence Linking Maternal Nutrition in Pregnancy to Long-Term Outcomes in the Offspring......Page 39 Importance of Pre-Pregnant/Peri-Conceptional Nutrition......Page 44 Recent Intervention Trials in Human Pregnancy......Page 45 Nutritional Interventions – Are We Ready?......Page 46 References......Page 47 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: The Importance of Environmental Exposures......Page 51 Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Proof of Principle......Page 54 Other Selected Examples of Adult Diseases with Developmental Origins......Page 55 Conclusions......Page 58 References......Page 59 Developmental Origins of Health and Disease across Generations – Theory, Observation, Experiment......Page 61 Early Animal Experiments Showing Intergenerational Influences......Page 62 The Intergenerational Transmission of Obesity and Diabetes......Page 63 Towards Establishing Effects in Humans......Page 64 Mechanisms of Intergenerational Influences......Page 66 Theoretical Perspectives......Page 68 References......Page 70 Model 1: Oxygen and Embryo Developmental Potential......Page 74 Model 2: Maternal Diet and Embryo Developmental Potential......Page 77 Model 3: B Vitamins, DNA Methylation Programming and Embryo Developmental Potential......Page 80 Acknowledgements......Page 82 References......Page 84 Fetal Growth and Lung Development......Page 87 Postnatal Nutrition, Growth and Lung Development......Page 89 The Effects of Maternal Smoking on Lung Development......Page 90 Preterm Birth, Lung Development and Later Lung Function......Page 91 Conclusions......Page 95 References......Page 96 Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Maturation......Page 98 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Activation, Placental CRH and Urocortins......Page 100 Interrelationships between Nutrition, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Function and Preterm Birth......Page 103 Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid on Fetal Development and Programming......Page 105 References......Page 107 Developmental Origins of Musculoskeletal Disease......Page 109 Epidemiological Studies......Page 110 Physiological Studies......Page 111 Maternal Nutrition, Lifestyle and Neonatal Bone Mineral......Page 112 Childhood Growth and Hip Fracture......Page 113 Developmental Plasticity and Osteoporosis......Page 114 Sarcopoenia......Page 115 Nutrition......Page 116 Conclusion......Page 118 References......Page 119 Developmental Origins of Female Reproductive Health......Page 122 Mechanistic Factors Underlying the Programming of Reproductive Health......Page 125 Conclusion......Page 128 References......Page 129 Immune Pathways Involved in the Development of Tolerance......Page 132 Evidence that Early Defects in Immune Pathways Are Associated with Subsequent Allergic Disease......Page 133 Genetic Factors That Contribute to Successful Tolerance......Page 134 Evidence that Early Immune Pathways Can Be Modified by Environmental Exposures......Page 135 Conclusion......Page 138 References......Page 139 Critical Periods of Vulnerability......Page 142 Permanent Effects on Structure and Function......Page 145 Conclusions......Page 148 References......Page 149 Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Programmed Obesity......Page 151 Physiological Systems That Regulate Appetite......Page 154 Development of Physiologic Systems Regulating Appetite......Page 160 Mechanisms of Perinatal Appetite Programming......Page 162 References......Page 165 Fetal Programming of Type 2 Diabetes......Page 173 Animal Models......Page 174 Mechanisms in Humans......Page 178 References......Page 179 Neonatal Exendin-4 Prevents the Development of Diabetes Mellitus in the IUGR Rat......Page 183 Chromatin Remodeling in the IUGR Rat......Page 185 IUGR Is Associated with Progressive Epigenetic Modifications That Silence Pdx1......Page 186 Conclusions......Page 189 References......Page 190 Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer and Clues to the Underlying Biological Mechanisms from Animal and Human Studies......Page 193 Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer – The Epidemiological Evidence......Page 194 Animal Studies Using Diethylstilbestrol as a Model for in utero Estrogen Exposure......Page 196 The Consistency of Human Biological Evidence with Current Hypotheses for Hormonal Mechanisms Underlying the Associations of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer......Page 199 References......Page 200 The Offspring of Women with Severe Mental Disorder......Page 202 Study 1. The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis and Schizophrenia: Evidence from the Western Australian Study of Women with Severe Mental Illness......Page 203 Study 2. Adverse Pregnancy Outcome in Schizophrenia: Maternal and Paternal Influences......Page 207 Study 3. Linking Schizophrenia Epidemiology and Developmental Neurobiology: The Impact of Low Prenatal Vitamin D on Brain Development......Page 209 Conclusion......Page 211 References......Page 212 Evidence of Gene-Environment Interactions Underlying Developmental Origins of Health and Disease......Page 214 Interaction between Variations in Genetic Sequence, the Environment and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease......Page 215 Interaction between the Environment, the Epigenome and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease......Page 216 Approaches and Challenges for Investigating Gene-Environment Interactions and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease......Page 218 Conclusions......Page 223 References......Page 224 Author Index......Page 227 Subject Index......Page 228 Developmental plasticity and the developmental origins of health and disease / P.D. Gluckman, M.A. Hanson Epigenetics and the influence of maternal diet / K.A Lillycrop, M.A. Hanson, G.C. Burdge The economics of developmental origins of health and disease : modelling the benefit of a healthy start to life / K.C. O'Connor, K.L. Franko, S.M.B. Morton Nutritional interventions in mothers to improve the health of the offspring : are we ready? / C.H.D. Fall, J.E. Harding, C.S. Yajnik Developmental origins of health and disease : the importance of environmental exposures / R.R. Newbold, J.J. Heindel Developmental origins of health and disease across generations : theory, observation, experiment / M.W. Gillman ... [et al.] Early embryo environment and developmental potential / T.P - Fleming, K.D. Sinclair, K.L. Kind Early environmental influences on lung development : implications for lung function and respiratory health throughout life / R. Harding ... [et al.] Development of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-placental axis : implications for postnatal health / J. Challis ... [et al.] Developmental origins of musculoskeletal disease / C. Cooper ... [et al.] Developmental origins of reproductive health / D.M. Sloboda, R. Hart, M. Hickey Developmental origins of immune tolerance : pathways and influences / S.L. Prescott Developmental programming of the kidney / M.J. Nijland, P.W. Nathanielsz Perinatal appetite programming / M. Desai, E. Keen-Rhinehart, M.G. Ross Fetal programming of type 2 diabetes / A. Piekarz, S.E. Ozanne Developmental origins of diabetes : interventional strategies / R.A. Simmons Prenatal risk factors for breast cancer and clues to the underlying biological mechanisms from animal and human studies / R. Troisi, I. dos Santos Silva, R.R. Newbold The offspring of women with severe mental disorder / V.A. Morgan ... [et al.] Approaches to evaluate gene-environment interactions underlying the developmental origins of health and disease / C.E. Pennell ... [et al.].