دینامیک مواد: آزمایش‌ها، مدل‌ها و کاربردها

Dynamics of Materials: Experiments, Models and Applications addresses the basic laws of high velocity flow/deformation and dynamic failure of materials under dynamic loading. The book comprehensively covers different perspectives on volumetric law, including its macro-thermodynamic basis, solid physics basis, related dynamic experimental study, distortional law, including the rate-dependent macro-distortional law reflecting strain-rate effect, its micro-mechanism based on dislocation dynamics, and dynamic experimental research based on the stress wave theory. The final section covers dynamic failure in relation to dynamic damage evolution, including the unloading failure of a crack-free body, dynamics of cracks under high strain-rate, and more. Covers models for applications, along with the fundamentals of the mechanisms behind the models Tackles the difficult interdisciplinary nature of the subject, combining macroscopic continuum mechanics with thermodynamics and macro-mechanics expression with micro-physical mechanisms Provides a review of the latest experimental methods for the equation of state for solids under high pressure and the distortional law under high strain-rates of materials Cover......Page 1 Dynamics of Materials: Experiments, Models and Applications ......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Preface for English Edition......Page 4 One - Introduction......Page 7 1.2 Intensive loading......Page 10 1.3 High strain rate......Page 11 Part 1: Volumetric deformation law of dynamic constitutive relation of materials......Page 14 2.1 Nonlinear elastic volumetric deformation law......Page 16 2.1.1 Bridgman equation......Page 18 2.1.2 Murnaghan equation......Page 20 2.2 Thermodynamic equation of state......Page 21 2.2.2 Gibbs free energy G(T,P)......Page 27 2.3 Grüneisen Equation of state......Page 31 3.1 Introduction......Page 40 3.2 Crystal structure......Page 41 4.3 High-pressure technique for shock waves......Page 124 3.3.1 Ionic binding......Page 47 3.3.2 Covalent binding......Page 48 7.1.3 Discussion on the assumption of “one-dimensional stress state in bars”......Page 49 3.3.4 Molecular binding......Page 50 3.4 The binding force and binding energy of crystals......Page 51 3.5 Lattice thermal vibration......Page 60 3.5.1 Optical branch......Page 70 3.5.2 Acoustic branch......Page 71 3.5.3 The Einstein model......Page 79 3.5.4 The Debye model......Page 81 3.6 The solid physical foundation of the Grüneisen equation of state......Page 89 4.1 Basic theory of shock waves......Page 99 4.1.1 The P–V Hugoniot curves......Page 105 4.1.3 The D–u Hugoniot curves......Page 109 4.2 Interaction, reflection, and transmission of shock waves in solids under high pressures......Page 114 4.4.1 Shock adiabatic curve in the D–u form......Page 134 4.4.2 Shock adiabatic curve in the P–u form......Page 135 4.4.3 Analytical expression of shock adiabatic curve in the P–V form......Page 142 4.5 Determination of equation of state of solids under high pressures......Page 148 4.6 Shock phase transition......Page 153 Part 2: Distortion law of the dynamic constitutive relationship of materials......Page 159 5.1.1 Strain-rate effect......Page 161 10.1 Adiabatic shearing......Page 495 5.1.2 Combined effects of strain rate and temperature and rate–temperature equivalence......Page 170 9.1.3 Dynamic stress intensity factor of stationary crack under stress wave loading......Page 402 5.2 Viscoplastic constitutive equations (phenomenological models)......Page 182 5.2.1 Cowper–Symonds equation......Page 183 5.2.2 Johnson–Cook (J–C) equation......Page 186 5.2.3 Sokolovsky–Malvern–Perzyna equation......Page 190 5.2.4 Bodner–Parton equation......Page 195 5.3 Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equations under high strain rates......Page 200 5.3.1 Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation (Zhu–Wang–Tang equation)......Page 202 5.3.2 Nonlinear thermoviscoelastic constitutive equation and rate–temperature equivalence......Page 210 5.4 Constitutive model under one-dimensional strain......Page 218 6.1 Theoretical shear strength......Page 224 6.2.1 Introduction of dislocation concept......Page 229 6.2.2 Experimental observation of dislocations......Page 231 10.1.3 Temperature relativity of adiabatic shearing......Page 232 6.3 Dislocation dynamics......Page 240 6.3.1 Orowan equation......Page 241 6.3.2 Experimental study of dislocation velocity......Page 242 6.3.3 Short-range barrier and long-range barrier......Page 244 6.3.4 Thermally activated mechanism......Page 247 6.4 Thermoviscoplastic constitutive equation based on dislocation dynamics......Page 249 6.4.1 Rectangular potential Barrier—Seeger's model......Page 251 6.4.2 Nonlinear potential barrier—Davidson–Lindholm model......Page 253 6.4.3 Nonlinear potential barrier—Kocks–Argon–Ashby model......Page 254 6.4.4 Nonlinear potential barrier—spectrum of hyperbolic barriers......Page 255 6.4.4.1 Spectrum of hyperbolic barriers......Page 258 6.4.4.2 Experiment verification of the hyperbolic barrier model......Page 260 6.4.5 Zerilli–Armstrong model......Page 264 6.4.6 Mechanical threshold stress model......Page 268 Seven - Dynamic experimental study on the distortional law of materials......Page 276 7.1 The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique......Page 279 7.1.1 The basic principle of SHPB......Page 281 7.1.2 Split Hopkinson bar experiments under different stress states......Page 286 7.1.4 Discussion on the assumption of uniform distribution of stress/strain along the specimen length......Page 308 7.1.5 SHPB experiment on soft materials with low wave impedance......Page 318 7.2 Wave propagation inverse analysis experimental technique......Page 328 7.2.1 Taylor bar......Page 330 7.2.2 The classic Lagrangian inverse analysis......Page 331 7.2.3 Modified Lagrangian inverse analysis......Page 333 Part 3: Dynamic failure of materials......Page 345 Nine - Crack dynamics and fragmentation......Page 351 8.1.2 Spalling criterion......Page 363 8.1.2.1 Maximum normal tensile stress criterion......Page 364 8.1.2.2 Tensile stress-rate criterion and tensile stress-gradient criterion......Page 365 8.1.2.3 Damage accumulation criterion......Page 367 8.1.3 Experimental measurement of spalling strength......Page 369 8.2 Erosion......Page 376 8.2.1 Erosion—unloading failure induced by Rayleigh surface wave......Page 377 9.1.1 Basic knowledge of crack statics......Page 390 9.1.1.1 Griffith's energy approach—energy release rate criterion......Page 393 9.1.1.2 Irwin's force field approach—stress intensity factor criterion......Page 395 9.1.2 Fundamental concepts of crack dynamics......Page 399 9.1.2.1 On dynamic structure response of crack bodies......Page 400 9.1.2.2 On the dynamic material response of crack bodies......Page 401 10.1.4 Macroscopic constitutive instability criteria for adiabatic shearing......Page 407 9.1.5 Kinetic energy and limiting propagating speed of moving crack......Page 418 9.1.5.1 Kinetic energy of propagating cracks......Page 419 9.1.5.2 Limiting crack propagating speed......Page 422 9.1.6 Crack mechanical field near crack tip of propagating crack......Page 424 9.1.7 Dynamic crack growth toughness......Page 429 9.1.8.1 Branching/bifurcation......Page 433 9.1.8.2 Dynamic crack arrest......Page 436 9.1.9 Experimental techniques for crack dynamics......Page 444 9.1.9.1 Loading technique......Page 445 9.1.9.2 Measurement technique......Page 452 9.2 Dynamic fragmentation......Page 463 9.2.1 Dynamic fragmentation phenomenon......Page 464 9.2.2 Dynamic fragmentation theory......Page 470 9.2.2.1 Grady–Kipp cohesive fracture model......Page 475 9.2.2.2 Glenn–Chudnovsky model......Page 479 9.2.2.3 Zhou Fenghua et al. model......Page 480 9.2.2.4 Fragment size distribution law......Page 483 9.2.3 Experimental study on fragmentation of ring and cylinder shell......Page 486 10.1.1 Microstructure of adiabatic shear band—deformed band and transformed band......Page 499 10.1.2 Strain and strain rate relativity of adiabatic shearing......Page 503 10.1.5 Interaction between adiabatic shear band and crack......Page 528 10.2 Dynamic evolution of damage......Page 534 10.2.1 Statistical meso-damage model—NAG model......Page 536 10.2.2 Macroscopic continuum damage and thermal activated damage evolution model......Page 546 10.2.3 Coupling of macrocontinuum damage evolution with rate-dependent constitutive flow/deformation......Page 552 References......Page 564 Further reading......Page 584 B......Page 585 C......Page 586 D......Page 587 F......Page 589 I......Page 590 L......Page 591 N......Page 592 P......Page 593 S......Page 594 T......Page 596 V......Page 597 Z......Page 598 Back Cover......Page 599 "This book comprehensively addresses its topic in three sections. The first discusses different perspectives on the volumetric law, including its macro-thermodynamic basis, solid physics basis and the related dynamic experimental study. The second covers the distortional law, including the rate-dependent macro-distortional law reflecting strain-rate effect, its micro-mechanism based on dislocation dynamics, and the dynamic experimental research based on the stress wave theory. In the final part, dynamic failure in relation to dynamic damage evolution is discussed, including the unloading failure of a crack-free body, dynamics of cracks under high strain-rate, dynamic fragmentation due to dynamic growth of multi-cracks, and the dynamic evolution of meso-damage as well as macro-damage. Dynamics of Materials provides a theoretical basis of material dynamics for researchers and postgraduate students in engineering and materials science, while also offering models and examples of applications of these theories which are of great value to R&D departments in industry"-- Provided by publisher