Dynamics of Magnetically Trapped Particles: Foundations of the Physics of Radiation Belts and Space Plasmas (Astrophysics and Space Science Library Book 403)

This book is a new edition of Roederer’s classic __Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation__, updated and considerably expanded. The main objective is to describe the dynamic properties of magnetically trapped particles in planetary radiation belts and plasmas and explain the physical processes involved from the theoretical point of view. The approach is to examine in detail the orbital and adiabatic motion of individual particles in typical configurations of magnetic and electric fields in the magnetosphere and, from there, derive basic features of the particles’ collective “macroscopic” behavior in general planetary environments. Emphasis is not on the “what__”__ but on the “why__”__ of particle phenomena in near-earth space, providing a solid and clear understanding of the principal basic physical mechanisms and dynamic processes involved. The book will also serve as an introduction to general space plasma physics, with abundant basic examples to illustrate and explain the physical origin of different types of plasma current systems and their self-organizing character via the magnetic field. The ultimate aim is to help both graduate students and interested scientists to successfully face the theoretical and experimental challenges lying ahead in space physics in view of recent and upcoming satellite missions and an expected wealth of data on radiation belts and plasmas. Foreword 8 Preface 10 References 15 Contents 16 About the Authors 18 Chapter 1 Particle Drifts and the First Adiabatic Invariant 20 1.1 Introduction: Adiabatic Theory and the Guiding Center Approximation 20 1.2 Uniform Magnetic Field; Basic Definitions; Magnetic Moment 25 1.3 Zero-Order Drifts 31 1.4 Examples of ``E Cross B'' Drifts; Uniform Magnetic Field of Time-Dependent Intensity 34 1.5 First Order Drifts 41 1.6 Example: Drift of 90 Pitch-Angle Particles in the Magnetospheric Equator; Effects of an Electric Field 45 References 53 Chapter 2 Higher Order Drifts and the Parallel Equation of Motion 54 2.1 General Expression of the Drift Velocity and Higher Order Drifts 54 2.2 Motion Along the Field Line and the Energy Equation 60 2.3 Particle Trapping and Parallel Electric Fields 65 Reference 74 Chapter 3 Drift Shells and the Second and Third Adiabatic Invariants 75 3.1 Bounce-Average Drift Velocity and Drift Shells 75 3.2 The Second Adiabatic Invariant 80 3.3 Shell Splitting and Pseudo-trapping 83 3.4 Effects of Internal Field Multipoles on Inner Magnetosphere Particle Shells; McIlwain's L-Value 90 3.5 Time-Changing Fields and the Third Adiabatic Invariant 96 References 105 Chapter 4 Particle Fluxes, Distribution Functions and Violation of Invariants 107 4.1 Particle Fluxes and Pitch Angle Distributions 107 4.2 Distribution Functions and Their Transformations 111 4.3 Macroscopic Variables and the Particle Pressure Tensor 114 4.4 Liouville's Theorem and Stationary Trapped Particle Ensembles 119 4.5 Particle Distributions and Mapping in Invariant Space 126 4.6 Basics of the Diffusion Process of Trapped Particles 129 4.7 Derivation of the Fokker-Planck Equation 134 References 140 Chapter 5 Collisionless Plasmas 141 5.1 Introduction: From Individual Particles to Fluids 141 5.2 The Guiding Center Fluid Model 143 5.3 Currents and Stresses Arising from Interactions with the Magnetic Field 151 5.4 From the Guiding Center Fluid to a Quasi-neutral Center-of-Mass Fluid 158 5.5 Collisions and the Generalized Ohm Equation 165 5.6 Epilogue 174 References 176 Appendices 177 A.1 What You Should Know About B but Maybe Forgot 177 A.1.1 Magnetostatics in a Nutshell 177 A.1.2 ``Natural'' Coordinate Systems in a Magnetic Field 182 A.1.3 Electrodynamics in a Nutshell: Interpreting Maxwell's Equations 190 A.1.4 The Mess with Electromagnetic Units: Why? 195 A.2 Expression for the Bounce-Average Drift Velocity 197 A.3 Conservation of the Third Adiabatic Invariant 201 References 205 Index 206 This book is a new edition of Roederer ́ s classic Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, updated and considerably expanded. The main objective is to describe the dynamic properties of magnetically trapped particles in planetary radiation belts and plasmas and explain the physical processes involved from the theoretical point of view. The approach is to examine in detail the orbital and adiabatic motion of individual particles in typical configurations of magnetic and electric fields in the magnetosphere and, from there, derive basic features of the particles ́ collective ́ macroscopic ́ behavior in general planetary environments. Emphasis is not on the ́ what ́ but on the ́ why ́ of particle phenomena in near-earth space, providing a solid and clear understanding of the principal basic physical mechanisms and dynamic processes involved. The book will also serve as an introduction to general space plasma physics, with abundant basic examples to illustrate and explain the physical origin of different types of plasma current systems and their self-organizing character via the magnetic field. The ultimate aim is to help both graduate students and interested scientists to successfully face the theoretical and experimental challenges lying ahead in space physics in view of recent and upcoming satellite missions and an expected wealth of data on radiation belts and plasmas "This book is a new edition of Roederers classic Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, updated and considerably expanded. The main objective is to describe the dynamic properties of magnetically trapped particles in planetary radiation belts and plasmas and explain the physical processes involved from the theoretical point of view. The approach is to examine in detail the orbital and adiabatic motion of individual particles in typical configurations of magnetic and electric fields in the magnetosphere and, from there, derive basic features of the particles collective macroscopic behavior in general planetary environments. Emphasis is not on the what but on the why of particle phenomena in near-earth space, providing a solid and clear understanding of the principal basic physical mechanisms and dynamic processes involved. The book will also serve as an introduction to general space plasma physics, with abundant basic examples to illustrate and explain the physical origin of different types of plasma current systems and their self-organizing character via the magnetic field. The ultimate aim is to help both graduate students and interested scientists to successfully face the theoretical and experimental challenges lying ahead in space physics in view of recent and upcoming satellite missions and an expected wealth of data on radiation belts and plasmas"--Page 4 of cover Front Matter....Pages i-xviii Particle Drifts and the First Adiabatic Invariant....Pages 1-34 Higher Order Drifts and the Parallel Equation of Motion....Pages 35-55 Drift Shells and the Second and Third Adiabatic Invariants....Pages 57-88 Particle Fluxes, Distribution Functions and Violation of Invariants....Pages 89-122 Collisionless Plasmas....Pages 123-158 Back Matter....Pages 159-192