Dynamic Behavior of Soft and Hard Materials Volume 1: Proceedings of 13th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics 2022 (Springer Proceedings in Materials, 34)

This book comprises the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics (IMPLAST) 2022, which was held at Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, to commemorate the 80th birthday of Prof. N K Gupta, IIT, Delhi. It aims to provide a comprehensive and broad-spectrum picture of the state-of-the-art research and development in diverse areas, such as constitutive relations, theories of plasticity, stress waves in solids, earthquake loading, high-speed impact problems, fire and blast loading, structural crashworthiness and failure, mechanics of penetration and perforation, among others. The contents focus on aspects of large deformations and failure of materials, including metals, composites, cellular, geomaterials, or concrete, and structures resulting from quasi-static earthquake, fire, impact, or blast loading. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals working in academia and industry in the areas of mechanical, materials, and aerospace engineering. Contents About the Editors Impact Studies Finite Element Analysis of Ballistic Impact on Dissimilar Multi-Layered Metal Targets 1 Introduction 2 Computational Modelling 3 Constitutive Material Modelling 4 Model Validation 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Temperature Variation in Various Target Configurations Due to Thermal Softening 5.2 Velocity Drop for Various Targets 5.3 Ballistic Resistance Curves 6 Conclusions References Drop Analysis of Plate-Type Fuel Assembly in a Research Reactor 1 Introduction 1.1 Geometry of the Fuel 2 Impact Characteristics of the Fuel Assembly 2.1 Classification of Drop Accidents and Their Maximum Drop Height 2.2 Design Criteria 2.3 Impact Velocity Calculation 2.4 Numerical Analysis Methodology 2.5 Finite Element Modeling 3 Fuel Assembly Drop Accident onto the Reactor Pool 3.1 Vertical Orientation 3.2 Horizontal Orientation 4 Fuel Assembly Drop Accident Within the Reactor Core 5 Conclusions References Effect of CRH Value on Damage Resistance of Aluminum Plate Under Bullet Impact 1 Introduction 2 Constitutive Modeling 3 Finite Element Method 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Residual Velocity and Energy Dissipation During Impact 4.2 Computation of Reaction Force During Impact 4.3 Failure Modes 5 Conclusions References Impact Response of RC Beams Through Contacting and Non-contacting Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup and Instrumentation 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Impact Force and Reaction Response 3.2 Deflection Response 3.3 Damage Pattern 4 Conclusions References Numerical Investigation of Debris Impact on Multi-layer Kevlar Shield 1 Introduction 2 Modelling Perforation of Multi-layer Fabric Under Impact 3 Estimation of Properties for Macroscale Model of Fabric 4 Setting-Up of Simulation Model 5 Comparison and Validation with Experimental Data 6 Conclusion References FE Investigation on Behaviour of Al-Alloy Tubes Subjected to Axial Impact 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Spherical and Conical Fragment Shape on Damage of Steel Target Plate in Ballistic Applications 1 Introduction 2 Constitutive Model 3 Simulation Aspects 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Numerical Analysis of Penetration Characteristics of Conical Fragments in Ballistic Applications 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Model 3 Simulation Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Approach for Ensuring Fuel Tank Crashworthiness Using LS-Dyna Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Fuel Tank Drop Test 2.1 Specimen Description 2.2 Drop Test Requirements 2.3 Test Setup Arrangement 2.4 Post-test Observations 3 Validation of Test Results 3.1 Finite Element Modelling of Fuel Tank Drop Test 3.2 LS-DYNA Material Models for Fuel Tank Drop Assembly 3.3 Contact Definitions and Velocity Boundary Condition for Fuel Tank Drop Assembly 3.4 Finite Element Idealization of Side Cutout and Fuel Tank Bladder Interface 4 Simulation Results 5 Design Modifications 5.1 Simulation Results for Modified Fuel Tank Assembly 6 Conclusions References Effect of Projectile Nose Angle on Resistance of Aluminium Target Against Oblique Impact 1 Introduction 2 Constitutive Modelling 3 Finite-Element Modelling 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Ballistic Limit 4.2 Energy Dissipation 4.3 Reaction Forces 4.4 Damage Pattern 5 Conclusions References Numerical Analysis of Windowed Origami-Ending Crash Tubes 1 Introduction 2 Crashworthiness Parameters 2.1 Initial Peak Force (Fmax) 2.2 Energy Absorbed (Ea) 2.3 Mean Force (Fm) 2.4 Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) 3 Numerical Analysis 4 Validation 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Crushing of Conventional Tubes 5.2 Crushing of OETs 6 Conclusions References Ballistic Impact Simulation of Alumina Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling 2.1 SPH Model Formulation 2.2 Constitutive Modeling 2.3 Constitutive Model for Ceramic 3 Simulation Results and Discussion 3.1 Residual Velocity and Residual Kinetic Energy 3.2 Effect of Smoothing Length Parameter 4 Conclusions References Comparative Study of Single Tunnel and T- Intersection Subjected to Impact Load 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Varying Configuration on Crown Displacement 3.2 Effect of Low- and High-Velocity Impact on T- Section 4 Conclusion References Ballistic Response of Composite Helmet 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation of Numerical Model 3.2 Ballistic Performance of CFRP Helmet 3.3 Effect of the Projectile Shapes on Ballistic Performance of CFRP Helmet 3.4 Ballistic Performance of Kevlar Helmet 4 Conclusion References Dynamic Indentation of Prismatic Li-Ion Battery Cells 1 Introduction 2 Battery Structure and Experimental Procedure 2.1 Battery Cell 2.2 Jellyroll Compression Tests 2.3 Dynamic Cell Indentation Tests 3 Finite-Element Model 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Strain Rate Effect and Failure Mode of Jellyrolls Observed in the Tests 4.2 Finite Element Modelling Results for Cells Indentation 5 Conclusions References Effect of Adding Expanded Polypropylene and Polyurethane Foams on Crashworthiness Response of the Aluminium-Reinforced Honeycomb Structure 1 Introduction 2 Material Modelling 2.1 Mat 024 (Piecewise_linear_plasticity) 2.2 Mat 057 (Low_density_foam) 3 Numerical Modelling Details 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Model Validation 4.2 Effect of Filling Two Different Foams Together on Crashworthiness Response of Reinforced Honeycomb Structure 4.3 Effect of Different Types of Arrangements of Foam Filling in Foam-Filled Honeycomb Structures 5 Conclusion References Assessment of Crash Survivability of Typical Helicopter Using LS-DYNA Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Model Development 2.1 Analysis 2.2 Additional Crashworthy Features and Analysis 3 Results and Discussions 4 Concluding Remarks References Experimental and Numerical Investigation of High Velocity Response of Aramid Honeycomb Core Sandwich Structure 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Finite Element Modeling 4 Result Discussion 4.1 Experimental Validation 4.2 Failure Modes 4.3 Influence on Ballistic Resistance of Structure 4.4 Influence on Energy Absorption 4.5 Influence on Specific Energy Absorption 5 Conclusion References An Experimental Approach to Analyze the Effect of Impact Loading on Shallow Tunnels in Weak Rockmass 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 2.1 Impact Loading Unit 2.2 Air Compressor Unit 2.3 Data Acquisition Unit 3 Model Preparation 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Unlined Tunnel 4.2 Lined Tunnel 5 Conclusions References Biomimetic Design Approaches for Impact Applications: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Impact Studies of Selected Bio-Inspired Structures 2.1 Nacre 2.2 Crocodile 2.3 Pangolins 2.4 Conch Shell 2.5 Turtle Shells 2.6 Armadillo 2.7 Mantis Shrimp 2.8 Seahorse Tail 2.9 Fish Scale 3 Challenges and Future Directions 4 Conclusions References Ballistic Performance of Bio-mimicked Nacreous Protection System on Concrete Target: A Numerical Investigation 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description and Numerical Modeling 2.1 Problem Description 2.2 Material Models 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Characterization of Porcine Lung Parenchyma for Blunt Impact Loads 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Dynamic Uniaxial Compression Setup 2.3 Quasi-Static Compression Setup 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Understanding Impact Loading on Rocks and Its Implication: An Insight 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 About SHPB Setup 2.2 Advancements in Apparatus 2.3 Principle and Theory of SHPB 2.4 Pulse Shaping 2.5 Sample Preparation 3 Experimental Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Optimization of Multi-layered Composite Structures Against Impact Loading 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Material Models 3.1 Holmquist–Johnson–Cook Model 3.2 Classical Metal Plasticity Model 3.3 Ogden Model 3.4 Mohr–Coulomb Plasticity Model 4 Validation of Numerical Simulation Model 5 Numerical Simulation and Results 6 Conclusions References Overall Response of Fluid-Filled Elastomers Subjected to High Loading Rates 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Material Behavior 2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.4 Numerical Simulation Setup 2.5 Theoretical Estimates 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Behaviour of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Slabs Under Multiple Impacts 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Material and Test Specimens 2.2 Impact Experiments 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Impact Force 3.2 Reaction 3.3 Deflection 3.4 Energy Absorption 3.5 Damage Under Multiple Impacts 4 Conclusions References Impact Mitigation in a Conico-Cylindrical Projectile During Sub-ordnance Velocity Impact 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Finite Element Study 3.1 Simulation Setup 3.2 Material and Material Model 3.3 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.4 Contact and Interactions 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Redesigning of Nose Section of Projectile 4.2 Effect of Collapsible Rods as Energy Absorber 4.3 Effect of Bimetallic Rod 5 Conclusion References Impact Analysis of Uncontained Engine Rotor Debris on Rotorcraft Structure 1 Introduction 2 Uncontained Power Turbine Fragment Model 2.1 Engine Power Turbine Fragment Hazard Zone 2.2 Uncontained Power Turbine Fragment Model 3 Impact Analysis Using LS-Dyna Nonlinear Transient FE Code 3.1 CAD Modeling 4 Simulation Results 4.1 Engine Deck Assembly 4.2 Instrument Panel 4.3 Floor Board 5 Conclusion 6 Scope of the Future Work References Influence of Reinforcement Bar on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Slab Under Impact Loading 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigation 3 Constitutive Behaviour and Numerical Validation 4 Parametric Study on Reinforcement Effect on Impact Resistance 5 Conclusions References Low-velocity Impact Response of Jute/Banana Fiber in Natural Rubber-Based Hybrid Composites: FE Approach 1 Introduction 2 Modeling 3 Analysis Results 3.1 Effect of Hybridization 3.2 Effect of Impactor Shape 3.3 Damage Studies 3.4 Coefficient of Restitution (CoR) 4 Conclusions References Visualization of Flow and Impact Process of Oils Used in Shirodhara Treatment on a Flat Plate Under the Influence of Gravity 1 Introduction 2 Experimentation and Analysis 3 Development of Flow and Its Boundary 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion Appendix: Algorithm for Mapping the Boundary of the Flow References Oblique Impact Simulation Study of Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy Plates for Analysis of Blade-Off Event in Turbofan Aero-Engine 1 Introduction 2 Components of Aero-Engine 2.1 Material, Its Composition and Applications 2.2 Modes of Failure of the Blade 3 Numerical Model Incorporated and Tools Used 3.1 Material Model and Fracture Criterion 3.2 Finite Element Analysis Solver and Image-Processing Software 4 Parametric Study 4.1 Variation of a versus v|α = Specific, ω = 200 rad/s, Ø = 0° (Normal Impact) 4.2 Variation of a versus ω|α = Specific, v = 400 m/s, Ø = 0° (Normal Impact) 4.3 Variation of a versus v|Ø = Specific, ω = 0 rad/s, α = 0° (Normally Oriented Fan Blade) 4.4 Variation of a Versus ω|Ø = Specific, v = 400 m/s, α = 0° (Normally Oriented Fan Blade) 4.5 Calculation of % Reduction in Velocity and Variation of vres Versus Ø for a Corner Node of Fan Blade | ω = Specific, v = 400 m/s, α = 0° (Normally Oriented Fan Blade) 5 Conclusion 5.1 Importance of Blade Orientation 5.2 Importance of Oblique Impact Angle 5.3 Importance of Initial Linear Velocity of the Blade 5.4 Importance of Initial Blade Rotational Velocity of the Blade References Numerical Investigation of Behind the Armour Ballistic Trauma of Ceramic-Composite Armour System 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Model 3 Results 3.1 Numerical Model Validation 3.2 Damage Progress in Composite Target 3.3 Deformation of Gelatin Block 4 Conclusion References Investigation of the Effect of Ceramic/glass Fibre Sandwich Composite Subjected to Projectile Impact 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Tensile Testing 2.2 Projectile Impact Testing 2.3 Ultrasonic Testing 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Tensile Testing Results 3.2 Projectile Impact Testing Results 3.3 Ultrasonic Testing Results 4 Conclusion References Effect of Hybrid Fibers on the Mechanical Properties and Impact Behavior of Concrete Panels 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Design 2.3 Test Specimens 2.4 Test Setup 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Mechanical Properties 3.2 Impact Response 4 Conclusions References A Visco-Damage-Plastic Model to Analyze the Impact Loading Response in Synthetic Rock 1 Introduction 2 Model Description 3 Rate-Dependent Model 4 Calibration and Validation 5 Conclusions References Development of a Simplified Numerical Model to Characterize the Ballistic Behaviour of Woven Fabrics 1 Introduction 2 Computational Model 2.1 Geometry Details of Woven Fabric 2.2 FEA Model Description 2.3 Validation of Results 3 Closure References Low-Velocity Impact Response of Nano-Silica Reinforced Aluminum/PU/GFRP Laminates 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 2.1 Specimen Preparation 2.2 Drop Weight Impact Test 2.3 Energy Absorbed by Laminate 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Elastoplastic Design of a Dome Structure for Water Impact Loads 1 Introduction 2 Design Methodology 3 FE Simulations and Results 4 Conclusion References An Investigation of Damage and Residual Strength of Aircraft Composite Structure Caused by Foreign Object Debris Impact 1 Introduction 2 Constitutive Material Model 3 Numerical Model 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Understanding the Impact of Functionalization of Foam on Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Studies 2.1 Materials 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Microstructure and FTIR Analysis 2.4 Mechanical Characterization 2.5 Electrical Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Microstructure Analysis and FTIR 3.2 Mechanical Characterization 3.3 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy 4 Conclusions References Perforation of AA-2024 Aluminium Targets Subjected to Impact by Spherical Aluminium Projectiles 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Target and Projectile 3 Numerical Setup 3.1 Constitutive and Failure Model 3.2 Finite Element Model 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Ballistic Perforation of 5 mm Thin AA2024T4 Sheets by 6 mm Spherical Projectiles 4.2 Ballistic Perforation of 5 mm Thin AA2024T4 Sheets by 8 mm Spherical Projectiles. 5 Conclusions References Analysis of High-Speed Impact Behavior of Al 2024 Alloy Using Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Modeling 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Data Pre-Processing 2.3 Development of ML Models 3 Model Evaluation 3.1 Model Validation 3.2 Predictions Using Machine Learning Models 3.3 Feature Importance Analysis 4 Conclusions References Ballistic Resistance of Finite Plate Targets Against 7.62 NATO AP Ammunition 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effect of Time Step Scale Factor Value on the Low Velocity Impact Numerical Simulation Results in LS-DYNA 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Design and Fabrication of a Single-Stage Gas Gun 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Construction and Working 3.1 Firing Mechanisms 3.2 Assumptions 4 Models for Prediction of Projectile Speed 4.1 Constant Driving Pressure 4.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 4.3 Wave Physics Inside the Barrel and Pressurized Gun-Breech 4.4 Effect of Friction in the Barrel 5 Design of Gas Gun 5.1 Design Parameters 5.2 Design and Assembly 5.3 Dual-Diaphragm Rupture Mechanism 6 Accessories 7 Results and Conclusion Appendix-A. Derivations and Explanations A.1. Thermodynamics A.2. Gas Dynamics Appendix-B. List of Symbols Used References Finite-Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Target Against Blast Loading 1 Introduction and Literature Survey 2 Experimental Setup 3 Numerical Modeling in FEM 3.1 Concrete Damage Plasticity 3.2 Johnson–Cook Model 3.3 CONWEP 3.4 Numerical Validation 4 Results 4.1 Variation of Blast Pressure Within the Target 5 Conclusion Appendix 1. Mesh Convergence Study References