Dying to Love

The new and rapidly evolving field of cognitive neuroscience brings together cognitive psychology and neuroscience, drawing conceptual and technical elements from both these traditional disciplines. This union has been motivated by the exciting possibility of better understanding complex human brain functions that have puzzled thinkers for centuries. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience as a discipline in its own right over the last two decades is thus an expression of what many see as the next logical step for both neuroscience and cognitive psychology, driven by powerful new methods for studying the human brain. Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience, introduced in 2008, was written to inform readers at all levels about the growing canon of cognitive neuroscience, and to make clear the many challenges that remain to be solved. Now, in this Second Edition, the authors--all leaders in the field--offer what is in essence a completely new book: \*The 28 chapters of the original edition have been condensed and combined to 15 chapters for the new edition. \*The condensation makes the topics covered easier to assimilate, and better suited to presentation in a single-semester course. \*Each chapter has been updated to address the latest developments in the field, including expanded coverage of genetics, evolution, and neural development. \*Introductory Boxes in each chapter take up an especially interesting issue to better capture readers' attention. \*An appendix reviews the major features of human neuroanatomy and basic aspects of neural signaling. Cover Front Matter Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments Media and Supplements Chapter 1 Cognitive Neuroscience: Definitions, Themes, and Approaches Introduction Cognition Natural philosophy and early psychology Behaviorism Cognitive science Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience: The Neurobiological Approach to Cognition Methods: Convergence and Complementarity Box 1A Conclusions Summary Chapter 2 The Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Introduction Introductory Box Brain Perturbations That Elucidate Cognitive Functions Perturbations imposed by stroke, trauma, or disease Pharmacological perturbations Perturbation by intracranial brain stimulation Perturbation by extracranial brain stimulation Optogenetics Box 2A Box 2B Measuring Neural Activity during Cognitive Processing Direct electrophysiological recording from neurons Electroencephalography (EEG) Event-related potentials (ERPs) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging (functional MRI or fMRI) Using fMRI to analyze activation patterns within a brain area Using fMRI to examine activity relationships between brain areas Optical brain imaging Assembling Evidence and Delineating Mechanisms Associations and dissociations Multimethodological approaches Box 2C Summary Chapter 3 Sensory Systems and Perception: Vision Introduction Visual Stimuli Introductory Box The Initiation of Vision Subcortical Visual Processing Cortical Visual Processing Other Key Characteristics of the Visual Cortex Topography Cortical magnification Cortical modularity Visual receptive fields Box 3A Visual Perception Lightness and brightness Color Form Distance and depth Motion Object recognition Perceiving remembered images Box 3B Box 3C Summary Chapter 4 Sensory Systems and Perception Auditory, Mechanical, and Chemical Senses Introduction Introductory Box The Auditory System Sound stimuli The peripheral auditory system The auditory cortices The perception of sound Perceiving the location of sound sources Box 4A Box 4B The Mechanosensory Systems The cutaneous/subcutaneous system The pain system Box 4C Box 4D The Chemosensory Modalities The olfactory system The taste system Trigeminal chemosensation Some Final Points about Sensory Systems Coding and labeled lines The malleability of sensory circuitry Awareness of sensory stimuli The representation of sensory percepts Summary Chapter 5 Motor Systems: The Organization of Action Introduction Introductory Box Motor Control Is Hierarchical Anatomical organization of motor systems Box 5A Cortical Pathways for Motor Control Organization of the primary motor cortex Movement maps in the primary motor cortex Box 5B Box 5B Coding Movements by the Activity of Neuronal Populations Planning Movements Selecting goals for action Motivational control of goal selection Sequential Movements and the Supplementary Motor Area Sensory-Motor Coordination Initiation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia Box 5C Basal Ganglia and Cognition Error Correction and Motor Coordination by the Cerebellum Cerebellar Contributions to Cognitive Behavior Summary Chapter 6 Attention and Its Effects on Stimulus Processing Introduction Introductory Box The Concept of Attention Global states, arousal, and attention The selective nature of attention Behavioral Studies of Attention Capacity and Selection The level at which selection occurs Endogenously versus exogenously driven selective attention Neuroscience Approaches to Studying Attention Studying the neural effects of attention on stimulus processing Studying the control of attention in the brain Neural Effects of Attention on Stimulus Processing: Auditory Spatial Attention Electrophysiological studies of the effects of auditory spatial attention Neuroimaging studies of the effects of auditory spatial attention Animal studies of the effects of auditory spatial attention The effects of auditory spatial attention on auditory feature processing Neural Effects of Attention on Stimulus Processing: Visual Spatial Attention Electrophysiological studies of the effects of visual spatial attention Neuroimaging studies of the effects of visual spatial attention Combining electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies of visual spatial attention Animal studies of the effects of visual spatial attention The effects of visual spatial attention on visual feature processing Box 6A Box 6B Neural Effects of Attending to Nonspatial Stimulus Attributes The neural effects of attention to nonspatial auditory features The neural effects of attention to nonspatial visual features The effects of visual attention to objects Neural Effects of Attention across Sensory Modalities Summary Chapter 7 The Control of Attention Introduction Introductory Box Clinical Evidence for Brain Regions Involved in Attentional Control Control of Voluntary Attention Activation in frontal and parietal cortex during endogenous attentional tasks Delineating the role of the frontoparietal network in the control of attention Ascertaining the temporal flow of brain activations underlying attentional control Single-neuron recordings in frontal and parietal cortex during attentional control Preparatory activation of sensory cortices during attentional control Control of Exogenously Induced Changes in Attention Attentional shifts triggered by sudden stimulus onsets Attentional reorienting activates a ventral frontoparietal system Visual Search Behavioral studies of visual search Theoretical models of visual search Neural processes underlying visual search Attentional Control as a System of Interacting Brain Areas Interactions between Components of the Attentional System Generality of Attentional Control Systems Box 7A Attention, Levels of Arousal, and Consciousness Sleep and wakefulness Consciousness Neural correlates of consciousness in normal subjects Neural correlates of consciousness in pathological conditions Summary Chapter 8 Memory: Varieties and Mechanisms Introduction Introductory Box Memory Phases, Processes, Systems, and Tasks Introductory Box Box 8A Dissociating Memory Systems Working memory versus declarative memory Declarative versus nondeclarative memory Nondeclarative Memory Box 8B Priming Perceptual priming Conceptual priming Semantic priming Repetition enhancement Skill Learning Motor skill learning Perceptual skill learning Cognitive skill learning Conditioning Cellular Mechanisms of Memory Habituation and sensitization Long-term potentiation and depression Linking LTP to memory performance Learning-related changes in synaptic morphology Box 8C Box 8C Summary Chapter 9 Declarative Memory Introduction Introductory Box Basic Concepts and Assumptions A taxonomy of declarative memory A simple neurological model of encoding, storage, and retrieval Using the model to explain the effects of brain damage The Nature of Medial Temporal Lobe Representations Theories of hippocampal memory function Differences between medial temporal lobe subregions Box 9A Cortical Regions Storing Semantic and Episodic Memory Representations The organization of semantic knowledge in the cortex The reactivation of cortical regions for recent episodic memories Contributions of the Prefrontal Cortex to Encoding and Retrieval Functional neuroimaging of episodic encoding Functional neuroimaging of episodic retrieval Effects of frontal lobe lesions Box 9B Box 9B Contributions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex to Encoding and Retrieval The role of posterior parietal cortex during retrieval The role of posterior parietal cortex during encoding Box 9C Memory Consolidation Synaptic versus system consolidation Theories of system consolidation in declarative memory Consolidation, reactivation, and sleep Summary Chapter 10 Emotion Introduction Introductory Box What Is Emotion? Psychological Classification of Emotions Categorical theories Dimensional theories Component process theories Early Neurobiological Theories of Emotion The James-Lange feedback theory The Cannon-Bard diencephalic theory The Papez circuit and Klüver-Bucy syndrome The limbic system theory and its challenges Box 10A Contemporary Approaches to Studying the Neurobiology of Emotion Hemispheric-asymmetry hypotheses Vertical integration models: Fear acquisition Vertical integration models: Fear modification Interoception and the somatic marker hypothesis In search of categories of emotional experience Interactions with Other Cognitive Functions Emotional influences on perception and attention Emotional influences on memory consolidation Box 10B Regulation of Emotion Summary Chapter 11 Social Cognition Introduction Introductory Box The Self Self-reflection Embodiment Perception of Social Cues Evident in the Face and Body Face perception Perception of biological motion Interpersonal attention and action direction Social Categorization Perception of social category information Stereotypes and automatic racial biases Monitoring and controlling racial bias Impression formation and trust Box 11A Understanding the Actions and Emotions of Others Mirror neurons Perspective taking and mental-state attribution Theory of mind in children and apes Empathy, sympathy, and prosocial behavior Social Competition Social rank and stress Power motivation and dominance contests Box 11B Summary Chapter 12 Language Introduction Introductory Box Speech Producing speech Comprehending speech Interpreting speech sounds Sentences, grammar, and syntax The importance of context Box 12A Acquiring Speech and Language Learning a vocabulary The shaping of phonemes and phones A critical period for language acquisition Mechanisms of language learning Effects of language deprivation Theories of Language Is there a “universal grammar”? Connectionist theory The Neural Bases of Language Neural bases for producing speech and language Neural bases for comprehending language Additional evidence from neurosurgery Contributions of the right hemisphere to language Box 12B Noninvasive Studies of Language Organization Evidence that the neural basis of language is fundamentally symbolic Genetic Determination of Language Functions Is Human Language Unique? Box 12C Box 12D The Origins of Human Language Summary Chapter 13 Executive Functions Introduction A Taxonomy of Executive Function Introductory Box Prefrontal Cortex: A Key Contributor to Executive Function Organization and connectivity of the prefrontal cortex Consequences of damage to the prefrontal cortex Box 13A Establishing and Modifying Behavioral Rules Initiating rules for behavior Inhibiting rules for behavior Inhibiting socially inappropriate behaviors Shifting among rules for behavior Relating rules to create higher-order models of the world Hierarchical models for executive function Box 13B Box 13C Control: Matching Behavior to Context Conflict monitoring Challenges to the conflict-monitoring model Functional organization of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex Working Memory: Maintaining Information and Rules over Time Neural substrates of working memory Summary Chapter 14 Decision Making Introduction Introductory Box Decision Making: From Rational Choice to Behavioral Economics Reward and Utility Dopamine: Pleasure or motivation? Reward prediction error Responses to negative outcomes Box 14A Uncertainty: Risk, Ambiguity, and Delay Risk and ambiguity Delay: Discounting future rewards Social Context Social rewards Social cooperation Social punishment Integration: Combining and Comparing Information to Reach a Decision Perceptual decision making Value-based decision making Box 14B Heuristics in Decision Making Future Directions Box 14C Summary Chapter 15 Evolution and Development of Brain and Cognition Introduction Introductory Box Early Thinking about the Evolution and Development of Cognition Box 15A Early Brain Development Neuronal differentiation and myelination The development of neural connections Linking Brain and Cognitive Development Brain size and the evolution of cognition Relative brain size and cerebral complexity Box 15B Box 15C Evolution of Brain Development Evolutionary Specializations of Brain and Behavior Evolution and development of learning and memory Evolution and development of quantitative cognition Evolution and development of social cognition Evolution and development of language Summary Appendix The Human Nervous System Cellular Components of the Nervous System Nerve Cells and Their Signaling Functions Functional Organization of the Human Nervous System Neural circuits Neural systems Box A1 Structural Organization of the Human Nervous System Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System The brainstem The spinal cord Surface features of the brain Internal features of the brain The ventricular system Box A2 Box A3 The Brain’s Blood Supply Glossary Illustration Credits Index The new and rapidly evolving field of cognitive neuroscience brings together cognitive psychology and neuroscience, drawing conceptual and technical elements from both these traditional disciplines. This union has been motivated by the exciting possibility of better understanding complex human brain functions that have puzzled thinkers for centuries. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience as a discipline in its own right over the last two decades is thus an expression of what many see as the next logical step for both neuroscience and cognitive psychology, driven by powerful new methods for studying the human brain. Introduced in 2008, the 1st edtion was written to inform readers at all levels about the growing canon of cognitive neuroscience, and to make clear the many challenges that remain to be solved. As before, this edition includes an extensive glossary of key terms And, with every new copy of the book, we offer a fully upgraded version of Sylvius 4 Online, which includes an interactive tutorial on human neuroanatomy as well as a magnetic resonance imaging atlas of the human brain.