Due Process and International Terrorism: An International Legal Analysis (Studies in Intercultural Human Rights)

Acts of terror on a global scale are straining to the breaking point the due process guarantees of the legal systems of modern democracies. In unequalled breadth and depth, this book analyzes the rights of persons suspected of a crime, in normal times and emergencies, from the pre-trial phase to the trial and the post-trial period under all the universal and regional human rights treaty regimes, pertinent customary international law, general principles of law, international humanitarian law as well as the hybrid procedures developed by international criminal tribunals. The book then presents a detailed analysis of United States'due process guarantees, in peacetime and in war, and the executive, legislative and judicial responses to the attacks of September 11, 2001. Professor Pati appraises the American actions in terms of international law's due process guarantees and proposes courses of action which can better defend a public order of human dignity. Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 12 A. Due Process in Criminal Proceedings......Page 14 B. Defining States of Emergency......Page 27 C. Terrorist Acts as Grounds for a State of Emergency......Page 37 International legal Regime......Page 44 1. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee......Page 51 a. Due Process before Trial......Page 55 b. Due Process during Trial......Page 65 c. Due Process in Appeal......Page 82 2. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Free doms and the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights......Page 85 a. Due Process before Trial......Page 87 b. Due Process during Trial......Page 95 c. Due Process in Appeal......Page 109 a. Due Process before Trial......Page 110 b. Due Process during Trial......Page 113 c. Due Process in Appeal......Page 116 a. Due Process before Trial......Page 117 b. Due Process during Trial......Page 119 B. Customary International Law and General Principles of Law......Page 125 a. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights......Page 126 Nations......Page 130 c. Déni de justice: International Minimum Standard of Diplomatic Protection......Page 133 C. Due Process in Proceedings before International Criminal Tribunals......Page 137 a. The IMT at Nuremberg......Page 138 b. The IMT at Tokyo......Page 143 c. Appraisal of both Tribunals......Page 144 b. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda......Page 148 c. The International Criminal Court......Page 157 A. Overview......Page 180 1. The Prohibition against Unreasonable Search and Seizure......Page 184 2. Arrest......Page 187 3. Pre-Trial Detention and Bail......Page 189 a. The Privilege against Self-Incrimination......Page 192 b. Miranda......Page 194 c. The Exclusionary Rule......Page 197 5. Grand Jury Review......Page 199 mation......Page 202 8. The Prohibition of Double Jeopardy......Page 203 9. Plea Bargaining......Page 206 C. Rights to and in Trial......Page 210 1. Trial by Jury......Page 211 2. The Right to an Impartial, Independent and Competent Tribunal......Page 214 3. The Right to a Speedy and Public Trial......Page 218 4. The Right to Counsel......Page 221 5. The Adversarial Process: Equality of Arms......Page 224 6. Discovery Rights......Page 225 a. The Prohibition of Cruel and Unusual Punishments......Page 226 b. Proportionality......Page 227 c. The Death Penalty and Death Row......Page 228 d. The Execution of Juveniles......Page 232 D. Rights in Prison......Page 235 E. Habeas Corpus......Page 239 F. Right to Appeal......Page 240 G. Customary International Law of Human Rights as United States Law......Page 241 CHAPTER IV Criminal Due Process in Times of Emergency and Terrorism: The International legal Regime and Comparative Perspectives......Page 248 1. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 4, and the Jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee......Page 253 2. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Free doms, Article 15, and the Jurisprudence of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights......Page 268 3. The Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, Article 27, and the Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights......Page 278 4. The African Convention on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Juris prudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights......Page 286 B. Customary International Law......Page 287 a. Before September 11, 2001......Page 291 b. After September 11, 2001......Page 295 2. The Response of the International Community as Individual States......Page 301 A. States of Emergency and the Constitution Prior to 9/11: Ex parte Milligan (Civil War), Ex parte Quirin (World War II), and Youngstown Steel (Korea)......Page 308 1. Overview......Page 327 2. The U.S.A. PATRIOT Act......Page 329 3. Detention, Treatment and Adjudication of Persons Designated Enemy Combatants in the Global War on Terror......Page 339 a. President Bush's 2001 Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism......Page 340 b. Detention of Persons Designated Enemy Combatants in the Global War on Terror......Page 344 aa. The Status of Guantánamo Detainees......Page 346 bb. Rasul v. Bush and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld......Page 352 cc. Combatant Status Review Tribunals and Administrative Review Boards......Page 359 dd. Post-Rasul Habeas Corpus Litigation......Page 365 ee. The Detainee Treatment Act of 2005......Page 369 ff. The Military Commissions Act of 2006......Page 371 gg. Boumediene v. Bush......Page 373 hh. Detention Post-Boumediene......Page 381 aa. Torture and Inhuman Treatment......Page 385 bb. Extraordinary Renditions......Page 393 cc. Extrajudicial Targeted Killings......Page 397 aa. Department of Defense Military Commission Order No. 1: Procedures for Trials by Military Commissions of Certain Non-United States Citizens in the War Against Terrorism......Page 399 bb. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld......Page 408 cc. The Military Commissions Act of 2006......Page 417 dd. The Manual for Military Commissions of January 2007......Page 421 ee. Practice Under the Military Commissions Act......Page 427 A. The Applicable Legal Regime: General Framework......Page 438 1. General Considerations......Page 444 2. The Global War on Terror: A State of Emergency?......Page 445 3. Application of the Substantive Emergency Human Rights Regime......Page 449 a. Indefinite Detention to Prevent Future Acts of Terrorism or to Investigate Past Such Acts......Page 451 b. Extrajudicial Targeted Killings......Page 459 c. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment......Page 460 d. Adjudication before Military Commissions......Page 467 CHAPTER VII Discussion of Alternatives and Recommendation of Solutions in the Global Common Interest......Page 474 Select bibliography......Page 490 Index......Page 516 Acts of terror on a global scale are straining to the breaking point the due process guarantees of the legal systems of modern democracies. In unequalled breadth and depth, this book analyzes the rights of persons suspected of a crime, in normal times and emergencies, from the pre-trial phase to the trial and the post-trial period under all the universal and regional human rights treaty regimes, pertinent customary international law, general principles of law, international humanitarian law as well as the hybrid procedures developed by international criminal tribunals. The book then presents a detailed analysis of United States' due process guarantees, in peacetime and in war, and the executive, legislative and judicial responses to the attacks of September 11, 2001. Professor Pati appraises the American actions in terms of international law's due process guarantees and proposes courses of action which can better defend a public order of human dignity Delimitation Of The Problem -- Criminal Due Process Guarantees In Peacetime : The International Legal Regime -- Domestic Criminal Due Process Guarantees : A Case Study Of The United States Of America -- Criminal Due Process In Times Of Emergency And Terrorism : The International Legal Regime And Comparative Perspectives -- Domestic Criminal Due Process In Times Of Emergency And Terrorism : The United States Of America -- Appraisal Of Domestic Measures Under International Law -- Discussion Of Alternatives And Recommendation Of Solutions In The Global Common Interest. By Roza Pati. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [477]-501) And Index. This book is unique as it comprehensively analyzes the international guarantees of due process in criminal law ranging from arrest and detention to other pre-trial procedures to the trial itself and appeals, both in times of normalcy and in times of emergency, against the background of the a oeGlobal War on Terror.a Relevant jurisprudence of universal and regional human rights systems is complemented by pertinent customary international law, including humanitarian law, and pertinent guarantees in the hybrid systems of international criminal tribunals. These international due process norms are