Drugs and human behavior : biopsychosocial aspects of psychotropic substances use

This book presents the main concepts and tools for the adoption of a biopsychosocial approach to psychotropic substances use and abuse management, prevention and treatment. It aims to provide resources for the design and implementation of health strategies and public policies to deal with psychotropic substances use in a way that fully recognizes the complex articulations between its biological, psychological and social aspects, taking these three dimensions into account to develop both health and social care policies and strategies aimed at psychotropic substance users. The book is organized in five parts. Part one presents a historical overview of psychotropic substances use throughout human history and introduces key concepts to understand the phenomenon from a biopsychosocial perspective. The next three parts approach psychotropic substances use from one of the interrelated dimensions of the biopsychosocial perspective: part two focuses on the neurobiological aspects; part three, on the psychological aspects; and part four, on the social aspects and its implications for public policy design. Finally, a fifth part is dedicated to special topics related to psychotropic substances use. Drugs and Human Behavior: Biopsychosocial Aspects of Psychotropic Substances Use is a guide to public agents, health professionals and social workers interested in adopting the biopsychosocial perspective to develop and implement both health and social care strategies and policies based on an interdisciplinary approach and aimed at dealing with psychotropic substance users in a more humanized way. Contents Contributors Part I: Introductory Aspects and Main Concepts Chapter 1: Humanity and the Use of Substances: A Historical Overview Introduction Timelines as a Way of Reading History Drugs: Concepts and Prejudices Before Civilizations: The Prehistoric Drug Registries Greek Civilization Elleusis Romans and Christianity Christianity and Witch Hunt Criminalization and Stigma of Substance Use Meanwhile, in Islam.. Middle Ages and Modern Ages: Money and Power on the Agenda New World, Old Problems XIX and XX Centuries: Isolated Active Principles Prohibitionism Reflecting from.. References Chapter 2: Drug Use and Substance Use Disorders in Brazil and the World: Epidemiological Data Introduction What Is Epidemiology? Challenges of Epidemiological Drug Research Current Scenario on Drug Use Historical Overview Alcohol Tobacco Other Drugs Marijuana Cocaine, Crack, and Similar Drugs Non-prescribed Use of Drugs Drug Use Consequences Final Considerations References Chapter 3: Anthropological Studies in Drug Use Contexts: An Introduction to Theoretical, Methodological, and Ethical Aspects Introduction Historical Overview Current Surveys Ethical and Methodological Aspects of Ethnographic Research with Drug Dealers Users References Chapter 4: Neuroanthropology of Drugs: Relations Between the Brain, Social Context, and Use of Psychoactive Substances Introduction Drugs: Definitions, Classifications, and Neurobiological Aspects Use and Dependence on Substances: A Historical-Anthropological View Biopsychosocial Models: Perspectives on Drug Use and Dependence Neuroanthropology: Reflections and Conceptual Applications Final Considerations References Chapter 5: Substance Use Among Older Adults: Epidemiological Aspects, Associated Variables, and Organic Risks Introduction: Aging in Brazil and the World Older Adult and Substance Use Physical, Social, and Psychological Differences Epidemiology of Drug Use Among Older Adult People Alcohol Tobacco Illicit Drugs Medicines Sorting and Evaluation Instruments Diagnosis Types of Treatment and Other Interventions Final Considerations References Part II: Biological Aspects Chapter 6: Genetic Aspects of Substance Use Disorders Introduction: Substances of Abuse Alcohol as an Example of Drug Abuse Genetic Aspects of Substance Use Disorders References Chapter 7: Neuroscience, Epigenetics, and Psychotropic Substances Introduction Neurobiology of Drugs of Abuse Epigenetics and Drugs of Abuse Changes in Histone Acetylation and Methylation Final Considerations References Chapter 8: Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychotropic Compounds Introduction: Drugs of Abuse, Dopamine, and the Reward System History of Psychotropic Drug Use General Aspects of Pharmacodynamics of Drugs of Abuse The Importance of Pharmacokinetics in Drug Abuse Current and Selected Topics on Drugs Medicinal Properties and Risks of Cannabis Animal Studies: The Cannabinoid Tetrad Effects of Cannabis and Its Medicinal Interest Unpleasant Effects of Cannabis Use of Marijuana During Adolescence and the Risk of Schizophrenia Alcohol, Endorphins, and Endocannabinoids: What is the Relationship? The “Flavors of Nicotine” Final Considerations References Chapter 9: Impacts of Drug (Ab)Use on the Development of the Human Central Nervous System Introduction Neurobiology of Drug Use Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) Nucleus Accumbens (Nacc) and Mesolimbic Pathway Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and Mesocortical Path Brain Reward System and the Development of Drug Dependence Brain Development and Maturation Myelinization and Synaptic Pruning Maturation Directionality (Posterior-Anterior and Subcortical-Cortical) Impact of Drug Use on Development and Maturation of the CNS Prenatal Drug Exposure Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome Drug Use during Adolescence Final Considerations References Chapter 10: Effects of Substance Use on Neural Development Introduction Psychoactive Drugs and the Neurodevelopment Final Considerations References Chapter 11: Neuropsychological and Behavioral Aspects of Drug Use and Abuse: Theory, Research, and Intervention Introduction Neuropsychological Aspects of Psychotropic Drugs Alcohol Cocaine/Crack Marijuana Explanatory Theoretical Models on SUD Clinical Interventions for SUD Treatment Final Considerations References Part III: Psychological Aspects Chapter 12: Psychological Evaluation in Users of Psychoactive Substances: The Psychodiagnosis Process Introduction Psychological Evaluation The Psychodiagnosis Process The Psychological Interview as a Methodological Resource Instruments for the Evaluation of Substance Use Disorders The Returning Interview Final Considerations References Chapter 13: Evidence-Based Psychotherapy for Substance Use Disorder Introduction Empirically Sustained Treatments Motivational Interviewing Motivational Enhancement Therapy Community Reinforcement Approach Contingency Management Behavioral Couple Therapy Clinical Expertise Patient Idiosyncrasies References Chapter 14: Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Multimorbidity Introduction Comorbidity and Multimorbidity Alcohol Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids Cocaine/Crack Nicotine Final Considerations References Chapter 15: Behavioral Pharmacology: Contributions to Understanding Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Introduction The Reflex Conditioning (The Drug as US): Functional Alternatives for Understanding Abstinence, Tolerance, and Overdose The Operant Conditioning (The Drug as Sd, R+ and R−): Functional Alternatives for Understanding Drug Self-Administration Behavioral Alternatives for Substance Dependence Intervention Final Considerations References Chapter 16: Disorders Due to Substance Use in Clinical Behavior Analysis: Theory and Practice Observed in a Clinical Case Introduction Analytical-Behavioral View of Substance Use Disorder Clinical Case Participant and Therapeutic Procedure Results Self-monitoring Functional Analysis of Alcohol Consumption Social Skills Training Background Management and Gradual Reduction Training of Alternative and Competing Responses for Access to Other Boosters Final Considerations References Chapter 17: Psychological Trauma: Biological and Psychosocial Aspects of Substance Use Disorders Introduction The Concept of Psychological Trauma The Relationships between Trauma and Use and Dependency on Substances: What Do the Researches Show? Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders Exposure to Natural Disasters and the Use of Substances Armed Conflicts: Physical and Emotional Health Impacts and Substance Use Relationships Consumption of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Among Immigrants Traumas and Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaskan Natives Gender Vulnerabilities and Human Rights: Violence, Trauma, and Substance Dependence during Pregnancy and Early Motherhood “Life at the River Is a Living Hell”: The Case of Fishing Women in Zambia Neurobiological and Behavioral Aspects Related to Traumatic Experiences and Their Relationship to Substance Use Disorders Prevention of Use and Dependence and Substances and Other Disorders Final Considerations References Chapter 18: Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Substance Dependents: Clinical Fundamentals for Increased Adherence to Treatment Introduction Historical Overview Current Surveys What Is a Motivational Interviewing? Ambivalence The Motivational Interviewing Process Engaging Focusing Evoking Planning Essential Skills in The Motivational Interviewing Asking Open Questions Reflective Listening Affirmation: Positive Reinforcement Summary The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing Partnership Acceptance Evocation Compassion Final Considerations References Chapter 19: Assessment and Intervention in Social and Coping Skills for Alcohol and Drug Users Introduction Historical Overview and Current Researches Coping Skills-Based Evaluation and Intervention Final Considerations References Chapter 20: Psychoeducation in the Treatment of Smoking and Alcohol Use Disorder Introduction Methods and Modalities of Psychoeducation Psychoeducation Applied to the Treatment of Smoking and Alcohol Use Disorder Psychoeducation in the Treatment of Smoking Clinical Case Final Considerations References Chapter 21: Mindfulness for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Introduction Mindfulness in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Mindfulness Beyond Relapse Prevention How Mindfulness Promotes Change: Exploring Mechanisms of Action Mindfulness for Substance Use Disorders: A Summary of Scientific Evidence Implementation of MBRP in Clinical Practice in CAPS-Ad and Inpatient Services Final Considerations References Part IV: Public Policies Interventions Chapter 22: Drug Use and Trafficking and the Criminal Liability of Court-Involved Youth Introduction Illicit Drugs and Court-Involved Youth Drug Use and Adolescents in Conflict with the Law Drug Trafficking and Adolescents in Conflict with the Law Final Considerations References Chapter 23: Gender, Alcohol Dependence, and Public Policies Introduction Prevalence Female Specificities in Alcohol Use Disorders Pregnancy Characteristics and Specific Needs of Treatment Programs Final Considerations References Chapter 24: The Psychosocial Care Network as Organizer of Public Policy in the Care of People in Harmful Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs Introduction History of the Care of People with Needs Resulting from Drug Use in Brazil The Care for People with Needs Resulting from the Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs in the Psychosocial Care Network: RAPS Primary Health Care Street Outreach Offices (CnaR) Community and Culture Centers Psychosocial Care Centers, in their Different Modalities Urgent and Emergency Care Hospital Care Outreach Unit Final Considerations References Chapter 25: Health Services and the Care Network for People Who Have Problems Arising from Drug Use and the Role of Professionals in Health Care Introduction Stipulation of Social and Arbitrary Control of Substance Use Enlargement and Establishment of Ideas The Insertion of the Professional in Health Policy Experiences Final Considerations References Chapter 26: Communities That Care (CTC): Community Prevention Interventions The Community as an Intervention Lobby Prevention Systems Communities That Care CTC Theory of Change CTC Implementation Phases CTC Process and Results Research References Chapter 27: Circles of Culture as a Possible Tool for Community Approach to the Phenomenon of Alcohol and Other Drugs Use Introduction Inequality, Poverty and Community Psychology And... Psychology? The “Place” of Drugs A Possible Tool: Circles of Culture But... Why and How Could We Do It? Final Words References Chapter 28: Harm Reduction in the Prevention of Risk Use and Drug Dependence at School Introduction The Human Being and Drug Use Primary Prevention Damage Reduction Final Considerations References Chapter 29: Prevention and School: Possible Paths in Drug Education Introduction School, Health Promotion, and Drug Education Elements for Preventive Actions at School Interfaces Between Education and Health: The Contribution of Life Skills Final Considerations References Chapter 30: From Biopolitics to Bioethics: From Vulnerability to Autonomy of Drug Users Introduction The Moral Crusades The Biopower Over the Body The Ethics of Life: Bioethics About Vulnerability and Protective Bioethics Final Considerations References Part V: Special Topics Chapter 31: Socio-Cultural Aspects of the Use of Psychoactive Substances Introduction Overview of the Social Construction of the Term “Drugs” Among Grapes and Cassava: Small Reports of the Presence of Alcoholic Beverages in Brazil About the Thirst of the Soul and Those Who Thirst to Eat: Between the Norms and the Production of the Abnormals Criminals, Patients, and Junkies: The Social Event of the Culture of Prohibition! Marijuana: I Smoke, You Smoke, They Do Not Smoke! Cocaine: The Elegant White Powder on the Nose The Media: From the Production of Bodies with Human Absence Final Considerations References Chapter 32: Digital Games, Shopping, Sex, and Other Addictions: Neuropsychological and Behavioral Correlates Introduction Digital Games Shopping Sex Smartphones, Internet, and Virtual Social Networks Physical Exercises Final Considerations References Chapter 33: The Biopsychosocial Impact of Abusive Use of Digital Media Introduction Features and Criteria of Internet Dependency Diagnostics Association Between Internet Addiction and Comorbidities Intervention and Treatment for Internet Addiction Final Considerations References Chapter 34: History of Violence and Emotional Regulation as Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorders among Women Introduction Current Surveys Final Considerations References Chapter 35: Therapeutic Use of Hallucinogens Introduction Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Ayahuasca Psilocybin Mescaline 3,4- Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine (MDMA) Ketamine Ibogaine Salvinorin A: Salvia divinorum Marijuana Final Considerations References Chapter 36: Medicinal Use of Cannabis: Evidence and Therapeutic Implications Introduction Historical Overview Current Surveys Topics of Interest Final Considerations References Chapter 37: Drug Use and Suicidal Behavior at Work Introduction The Relationship Between Work and Use of Substances Drug Use, Labor, and Suicidal Behavior Final Considerations References Chapter 38: Grief Experience and Substance Misuse: An Integrative Review Introduction Drug Use in the World and Brazil Diagnostic Criteria and Types of Addiction Risk Factors of Substance Use The Grieving Process: Revisiting the Concept Mourning and Use of Substances Final Considerations References Correction to: Neuroanthropology of Drugs: Relations Between the Brain, Social Context, and Use of Psychoactive Substances Index 1.Humanity and the Use of Substances: A Historical Overview -- 2.Drug Use and Substance Use Disorders in Brazil and the World: Epidemiological Data -- 3.Anthropological Studies in Drug Use Contexts: An Introduction to Theoretical, Methodological and Ethical Aspects -- 4.Neuroanthropology of Drugs: Relations Between the Brain, Social Context and Use of Psychoactive Substances -- 5.Substance Use Among Older Adults: Epidemiological Aspects, Associated Variables and Organic Risks -- 6.Genetic Aspects of Substance Use Disorders -- 7.Neuroscience, Epigenetics and Psychotropic Substances -- 8.Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Psychotropic Compounds -- 9.Impacts of Drug (Ab)Use on the Development of the Human Central Nervous System -- 10.Effects of Substance Use on Neural Development -- 11.Neuropsychological and Behavioral Aspects of Drug Use and Abuse: Theory, Research, and Intervention -- 12.Psychological Evaluation in Users of Psychoactive Substances: the psychodiagnosis process -- 13.Evidence-Based Psychotherapy for Substance Use Disorder -- 14.Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Multimorbidity -- 15.Behavioral Pharmacology: Contributions to Understanding Substance Use Disorders -- 16.Disorders Due to Substance Use in Analytical-Behavioral Clinical: Theory and Practice Observed in a Clinical Case -- 17.Psychological Trauma: Biological and Psychosocial Aspects of Substance Use Disorders -- 18.Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Substance Dependents: Clinical Fundamentals for Increased Adherence to treatment -- 19.Assessment and Intervention in Social and Coping Skills for Alcohol and Other Drug Users -- 20.Psychoeducation in the Treatment of Smoking and Alcohol Use Disorder -- 21.Mindfulness for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders -- 22.Drug Use and Trafficking and the Criminal Liability of Court-Involved Youth -- 23.Gender, Alcohol Dependence and Public Policies -- 24.The Psychosocial Care Network as Organizer of Public Policy in the Care of People in Harmful Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs -- 25.Health services and the care network for people who have problems arising from drug use and the role of professionals in health care -- 26.Communities That Care (CTC): Community Prevention Interventions -- 27.Circles of Culture as a Possible Tool for Community Approach to the Phenomenon of Alcohol and Other Drugs Use -- 28.Harm Reduction in the Prevention of Risk Use and Drug Dependence at School -- 29.Prevention and School: Possible Paths in Drug Education -- 30.From Biopolitics to Bioethics: From Vulnerability to Autonomy of Drug Users -- 31.Sociocultural Aspects of the Use of Psychoactive Substances -- 32.Digital games, shopping, sex, and other addictions: neuropsychological and behavioral correlates -- 33.The biopsychosocial impact of abusive use of digital media -- 34.History of Violence and Emotional Regulation as Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorders Among Women -- 35.Therapeutic Use of Hallucinogens -- 36.Medicinal Use of Cannabis: Evidence and Therapeutic Implications -- 37.Drug Use and Suicidal Behavior at Work -- 38.Grief experience and substance misuse: an integrative review This book presents the main concepts and tools for the adoption of a biopsychosocial approach to psychotropic substances use and abuse management, prevention and treatment. It aims to provide resources for the design and implementation of health strategies and public policies to deal with psychotropic substances use in a way that fully recognizes the complex articulations between its biological, psychological and social aspects, taking these three dimensions into account to develop both health and social care policies and strategies aimed at psychotropic substance users. __Drugs and Human Behavior: Biopsychosocial Aspects of Psychotropic Substances Use__is a guide to public agents, health professionals and social workers interested in adopting the biopsychosocial perspective to develop and implement both health and social care strategies and policies based on an interdisciplinary approach and aimed at dealing with psychotropic substance users in a more humanized way.