Drugs and drug policy : the control of consciousness alteration

This engaging and thoroughly updated text provides a cross-national perspective on the use and regulation of both legal and illegal drugs. Drugs and Drug Policy examines and critiques drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. Authors Clayton J. Mosher and Scott Akins also discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of legal and illicit drugs; the patterns and correlates of use; theories of the causes of drug use; and the policies that govern that usage. e9781544351124_cover FM-01-9781544351124 Trends in Arrests and Incarceration Trends in Arrests and Incarceration Trends in Arrests and Incarceration CH001-9781544351124 One. Drug Controversies and Demonization Demonizing (Illegal) Drugs: The Social Construction of Drug “Epidemics” Glue-Sniffing Marijuana The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1800s to 1960 The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1960s to 1980s The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1980–2010 “Tell Your Children” (On Second Thought, Don't) Alex Berenson's Stance on Marijuana Laws and the Implications of His Arguments Crack Cocaine Ecstasy (MDMA) Methamphetamine Drug “Epidemics” of the 2000s and 2010s Spice/K2 Bath Salts and Flakka The Opioid Epidemic The Demonization of Fentanyl Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercises CH002-9781544351124 Two. Theories of Drug Use Nature Theories Genetic/Biological Theories Sensitization Theory Disease Theory Psychological Theories Sociological Theories Differential Association, Social Learning, and Subcultural Learning Theories Social Learning Theory Subcultural Learning Theories Social Control/Bonding Theory Lifecourse/Age-Graded Theory Anomie/Strain Theories Social Conflict Theory Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise Web Resources CH003-9781544351124 3. The Effects of Drugs Part I: Stimulants, Depressants, and Opioids Risks That Drugs Pose Physical and Psychological Risks Dependence Stimulants Caffeine “Energy” Drinks Tobacco Cocaine Amphetamines Adderall, Ritalin, and Other ADD Prescription Drugs Bath Salts (Synthetic Cathinones) Ecstasy (MDMA) Depressants Alcohol Barbiturates Benzodiazepines GHB Inhalants Opioids Morphine Heroin Codeine Oxycodone (e.g., OxyContin) and Hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin) Fentanyl Kratom Nonopioid Analgesics Review Questions Internet Exercise CH004-9781544351124 Four. The Effects of Drugs: Part II: Hallucinogens, Dissociatives, Marijuana, and Antidepressants Hallucinogens/Psychedelics LSD Psilocybin Peyote and Mescaline Salvia DMT and Ayahuasca PCP and Ketamine (The Dissociatives) Marijuana Synthetic Cannabinoids/“Spice” Antidepressant Drugs Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise CH005-9781544351124 Five. Patterns of Illegal Drug Use Self-Report Surveys Monitoring the Future The National Survey on Drug Use and Health Validity of Survey Findings on Drug Use International Data on Drug Use Data on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits and Mortality Correlates of Illegal Drug Use Age Gender/Sexual Orientation Nonbinary Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Substance Use Race/Ethnicity African Americans Hispanic people American Indians and Alaska Natives Asians Social Class Rural/Urban Location Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise CH006-9781544351124 Six. Patterns of Legal Drug Use Age Use of Drugs by Older Adults Gender/Sex Race/Ethnicity African Americans Hispanic people American Indians/Native Americans Asians Social Class Geography and Rural/Urban Location Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise CH007-9781544351124 Seven. Drug Prevention Programs Drug Education Programs D.A.R.E. D.A.R.E. Officials' Reactions Alternative Drug Education Programs Antidrug Advertising Campaigns Zero-Tolerance Policies Drug Testing Policies Schools Home Drug Testing Kits Drug Testing of Workers Drug Testing of People Receiving Public Benefits Employment Testing for Marijuana in the Context of Medical and Recreational Legalization The Problem of False Positive Drug Tests How to Beat a Drug Test Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercises CH008-9781544351124 Eight. Drug Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Approaches Drug Agonists and Partial Agonists Tobacco/Nicotine Agonists Opioid Agonists Methadone Buprenorphine/Suboxone Heroin Maintenance Supervised Injection Facilities Drug Antagonists Alcohol Antagonists Disulfiram (Antabuse) Naltrexone Acamprosate Opioid Antagonists Naltrexone Naloxone Residential Drug Treatment Programs Therapeutic Communities Compulsory Treatment Programs Drug Courts Alcoholics Anonymous Abstinence Mandate/Controlled Drinking The 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercises CH009-9781544351124 Nine. Policies Regulating Legal Drugs Part I: Alcohol and Tobacco Tobacco A Brief History of Tobacco Regulation Bans on Smoking in Public Places Prohibiting Employment of Smokers and Penalizing Smokers Advertising and Marketing of Tobacco Products Taxes on Tobacco Products The 1998 Tobacco Settlement and Antismoking Programs Raising the Minimum Tobacco Purchase Age E-Cigarettes Alcohol Temperance Movements and Prohibition in American History Alcohol Regulation in the Current Era Minimum Legal Drinking Age Regulating Drinking on College Campuses Drunk Driving Laws Trends in Drunk Driving Arrests Lowering the BAC Limit to 0.05 A Critical Examination of Drunk Driving Policies The Definition of “Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities” The Determination of “Impairment” by Law Enforcement Officers DUI Laws in the Context of Other Dangerous Driving-Related Behaviors Ignition Interlock Devices DUI Laws: Conclusion Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise CH010-9781544351124 Ten. Policies Regulating Legal Drugs Part II: Prescription Drugs and Dietary/Herbal Supplements Regulating the Prices of Prescription Drugs Advertising of Pharmaceutical Products The Regulation and Approval of Pharmaceutical Products in the United States FDA Approval of Pharmaceutical Products Clinical Trial Transparency? Off-Label Uses of Drugs The Political Economy of the Pharmaceutical Industry The Criminal Practices of Pharmaceutical Companies The Opioid Epidemic Precursors to the Opioid Epidemic The Role of Purdue Pharma Purdue's Marketing of OxyContin The 2007 Settlement The Role of Drug Distributors The Role of the FDA The Role of Medical Professionals Lawsuits and Criminal Charges Against Opioid Manufacturers and Distributors Federal Government Regulation of Herbal and Dietary Supplements Conclusion Review Questions Internet and Media Exercises CH011-9781544351124 Eleven. Policies Regulating Illegal Drugs Trends in Arrests and Incarceration Racial and Ethnic Disparity in the Enforcement of Drug Laws The Drug War and Increases in Imprisonment “School Zone” Policies Public Housing Evictions Denial of Welfare Denial of Student Aid Asset Forfeiture Recent Changes in State Drug Laws California Michigan New York Oklahoma Washington State The Fair Sentencing Act Marijuana Laws Hemp Medical Marijuana The War on Medical Marijuana and Subsequent “Truce”?—The Response to Medical Marijuana During the Obama Administration Marijuana Legalization Measures California Oregon Vermont The Federal Response to Marijuana Legalization The 2020 Election—Legalization of Marijuana at the Federal Level? The Federal Government's Response to the Opioid Crisis Changes in CDC Guidelines Surrounding Opioid Prescribing Practices Missed Opportunities—What Is Not Being Done in Response to the Opioid Crisis Review Questions Internet Exercises CH012-9781544351124 Twelve. Drug Policies in Other Countries An Overview of Harm Reduction Approaches Cannabis Law Reform Drug Checking Safe Injection Facilities Countries With Severe Drug Policies China Japan Malaysia The Philippines Singapore Drug Policies in Western Countries Australia Marijuana Policy Developments in Australia Canada Harm Reduction Policies in Canada Marijuana Legalization in Canada Germany Marijuana Policy in Germany The Netherlands Marijuana Policy in the Netherlands New Zealand Marijuana Legalization Referendum in New Zealand Portugal Spain Marijuana Policy in Spain United Kingdom Marijuana Law Reform in the United Kingdom Latin American Countries Mexico Uruguay Global Developments Conclusion Review Questions Internet Exercise BM-01-9781544351124 Glossary BM-BIB-01-9781544351124 References BM-IDX-01-9781544351124 Index BM-02-9781544351124 About the Authors This engaging and thoroughly updated text provides a cross-national perspective on the use and regulation of both legal and illegal drugs. It examines and critiques drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. Authors Clayton J. Mosher and Scott Akins also discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of legal and illicit drugs; the patterns and correlates of use; theories of the causes of drug use; and the policies that govern that usage. Features and Benefits Thoroughly reviews use of and regulation policies of both illegal and legal drugs, including the use of energy drinks and muscle enhancers like steroids and human growth hormones. Very up to date statistics and discussions of emerging trends and policies. Provides more coverage of drug policy issues than comparable books with particular attention to contrasting policies in countries around the world. Coverage of drug "epidemics" for new legal and illegal drugs not found in other books on drugs. This text provides a cross-national perspective on the regulation of drug use by examining and critiquing drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. This engaging and thoroughly updated text provides a cross-national perspective on the use and regulation of both legal and illegal drugs. Drugs and Drug Policyexamines and critiques drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. Authors Clayton J. Mosher andScott Akins also discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of legal and illicit drugs; the patterns and correlates ofuse; theories of the causes of drug use; and the policies that govern that usage "This engaging and throughly updated text provides a cross-national perspective on the use and regulation of both legal and illegal drugs. Drugs and Drug Policy examines and critiques drug policies in the United States and abroad in terms of their scope, goals, and effectiveness. Authors Clayton J. Mosher and Scott Akins also discuss the physiological, psychological, and behavioural effects of legal and illicit drugs; the patterns and correlates of use; theories of the causes of drug use; and the policies that govern that usage"-- Provided by publisher