Drug Treatment of Sleep Disorders (Milestones in Drug Therapy)

Following reviews on sleep physiology, regulation, pharmacology, and the neuronal networks regulating sleep and awakening, as well as a classification of sleep disorders, this book presents a number of major breakthroughs in the treatment of those disorders. These include recently approved drugs for treating insomnia, such as Doxepin; variations on previously approved molecules, e.g. Zolpidem sublingual preparation; or new chemical entities in advanced stages of clinical development, e.g. Orexin antagonists. Further topics discussed include drugs acting on the GABA receptor, such as Lorediplon and Eszopiclone; the treatment of excessive daytime drowsiness with cell therapy and drugs such as Modafinil, Armodafinil and Sodium oxybate; and the use of Tasimelteon in the treatment of circadian sleep disorders. An overview of sleep physiology and sleep regulation -- Neuronal networks regulating sleep and arousal: effect of drugs -- Classification of sleep disorders -- Development of new therapeutical agents for treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders -- Low dose doxepin for insomnia -- Lorediplon: a new GABAa modulator drug for treatment of insomnia -- Zolpidem sublingual formulations -- Eszopiclone: review and clinical applications in chronic and co-morbid insomnia -- Orexin/hypocretin antagonists in insomnia: from bench to clinic -- Modafinil and armodafinil -- Sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): a new and effective treatment for narcolepsy with cataplexy -- Cell therapy to treat narcolepsy -- Tasimelteon -- The past, present and future of drug development and treatment in sleep disorders. 3.1.3 Sleep-Promoting GABAergic ActivatorsGABAA Receptor Agonists; GABAA Receptor Modulators; GABAB Receptor Agonists; GABA Reuptake Inhibitors; 3.1.4 Wake-Promoting GABAergic Inhibitors; GABAA Receptor Antagonists; Benzodiazepine Receptor Antagonists; GABAB and GABAC Receptor Antagonists; GABA Receptor Autoantibodies; 3.2 Melanin Concentrating Hormone; 3.2.1 The MCHergic Sleep-Promoting System; 3.2.2 Wake-Promoting MCH Inhibitors; 3.3 Galanin; 3.3.1 The Galaninergic Sleep-Promoting System; 3.3.2 Sleep-Promoting Galanin Receptor Agonists; 3.3.3 Wake-Promoting Galanin Receptor Antagonists 3.4 Melatonin3.4.1 The Melatoninergic Sleep-Promoting System; 3.4.2 Sleep-Promoting Melatoninergic Activators; 3.4.3 Chronobiotic Melatoninergic Activators; 3.4.4 Wake-Promoting Melatoninergic Inhibitors; 3.5 Adenosine; 3.5.1 The Adenosine-Mediated Sleep-Promoting System; 3.5.2 Adenosine Receptors; 3.5.3 Sleep-Promoting Adenosine Receptor Agonists; 3.5.4 Wake-Promoting Adenosine Receptor Antagonists; 4 Drugs Interacting with Wake-Promoting Systems; 4.1 Histamine; 4.1.1 The Histaminergic Wake-Promoting System; 4.1.2 Histamine Receptors; 4.1.3 Wake-Promoting Histaminergic Activators H1 Receptor AgonistsH3 Receptor Antagonists; 4.1.4 Sleep-Promoting Histaminergic Inhibitors; H1 Receptor Antagonists; H3 Receptor Agonists; 4.2 Orexin; 4.2.1 The Orexinergic Wake-Promoting System; 4.2.2 Narcolepsy: An Orexin-Deficiency State; 4.2.3 Wake-Promoting Orexinergic Activators; 4.2.4 Sleep-Promoting Orexinergic Inhibitors; 4.3 Glutamate; 4.3.1 The Glutamatergic Wake-Promoting System; 4.3.2 Glutamate Receptors; 4.3.3 Wake-Promoting Glutamatergic Activators; 4.3.4 Sleep-Promoting Glutamatergic Inhibitors; 4.3.5 REMS-Suppressing Glutamatergic Inhibitors; 4.4 Acetylcholine 3.5 Autonomic and Cardiovascular Functions3.6 Thermoregulation and Metabolism; 4 Sleep Evolution and Sleep Functions; 4.1 Sleep Phylogenesis; 4.2 Effects of Sleep Deprivation; 4.3 Sleep and Memory; 4.4 Theories of Sleep Functions; References; Neuronal Networks Regulating Sleep and Arousal: Effect of Drugs; 1 Introduction; 2 Neuronal Networks Regulating Sleep and Arousal; 2.1 Sleep/Arousal Network; 2.2 REM-Sleep Network; 2.3 Circadian Network; 3 Drugs Interacting with Sleep-Promoting Systems; 3.1 GABA; 3.1.1 The GABAergic Sleep-Promoting System; 3.1.2 GABA Receptors Preface; Contents; Part I: General Concepts; An Overview of Sleep Physiology and Sleep Regulation; 1 Neurophysiology and Neurobiology of Sleep; 1.1 What Is Sleep?; 1.2 Sleep Architecture; 1.3 Sleep Mechanisms; 2 Sleep Regulation; 2.1 Sleep Chronobiology; 2.2 Sleep Homeostasis; 2.3 Interaction Between Circadian and Homeostatic Sleep Control; 2.4 Genetics of Circadian and Homeostatic Sleep Control; 3 Physiological Functions During Sleep; 3.1 A Physiological View of Sleep; 3.2 Sensory and Motor Functions; 3.3 Respiratory Functions; 3.4 Endocrine Functions