Drug Targeting Technology: Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences)

Demonstrates how substitution of a variety of ligands can render albumin a versatile targeting tool for selective drug accumulation in various cell populations of the liver! This book discusses physical, chemical, and biological approaches to drug targeting technology, focusing on oral, dispersed system, topical, dermal, transdermal, and inhalation delivery, and the development of original formulations that are matched by innovative device design. Considers the efforts in biotechnology and molecular biology to produce intelligent drug delivery devices by exploiting biological pathways! Containing over 1100 references to facilitate further study, Drug Targeting Technology ·updates recent progress in oral and colonic targeting technology using pH- and enzyme-sensitive coating materials and novel polymer systems ·shows how the systemic distribution of drugs can be modulated by lipid-based carriers taking alternative routes of transport, particularly lymph flow ·details soft drugs that are rapidly metabolized to inactive and nontoxic metabolites and removed efficiently from the body ·includes successful designs of virus-like liposomal delivery systems that offer the advantages of viral carriers ·supplies examples of how viral delivery systems can be directed to cancer sites ·and more! Suggesting harnessing biological processes as the ultimate approach to the delivery or expression of pharmacologically active agents, Drug Targeting Technology is a top-shelf reference for pharmacists, pharmacologists, and pharmaceutical scientists; analytical, surface, physical, and colloid chemists and biochemists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 115......Page 1 Drug Targeting Technology: Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods......Page 2 Preface......Page 4 Contents......Page 8 Contributors......Page 10 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 12 A. pH......Page 13 B. Ionic State......Page 14 D. Gastric Emptying......Page 15 F. Age......Page 16 B. Stability of Polymers......Page 17 1. Single/multiple Layer Coating......Page 18 2. Organic and Aqueous Coating......Page 21 1. Thickness......Page 22 3. Other Excipients......Page 23 1. Tablets......Page 25 3. Multiple Units......Page 26 A. In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation......Page 28 B. In Vivo Testing......Page 29 V. APPLICATIONS......Page 32 VI. OUTLOOK......Page 35 REFERENCES......Page 36 II. PHYSIOLOGICAL REALITIES AND COLONIC ABSORPTION......Page 41 III. GOALS OF COLON TARGETING......Page 42 A. Current Prolonged-Release Materials......Page 43 IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COLON TARGETING......Page 45 V. TESTING COLONIC BIODEGRADATION......Page 46 2. Glycoside-Prodrugs......Page 48 4. Dextran Prodrugs......Page 49 2. Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides......Page 50 4. Chitosan......Page 53 REFERENCES......Page 54 II. INTRODUCTION......Page 60 A. Pharmacodynamic Drug Characteristics......Page 62 C. Oral Bioavailability......Page 63 D. Delivery Systems, Deposition Ratio, and Regional Lung Deposition......Page 64 E. Pulmonary Residence Time......Page 65 1. Dissolution Rate......Page 66 F. Modulation of Pulmonary Selectivity by Sustained-release Drug Delivery Systems......Page 67 G. Biological Interaction Leading to Prolonged Pulmonary Residence Time......Page 69 H. Speci.c Uptake into Cells......Page 70 A. Liposomes......Page 71 B. Microspheres and Microparticles......Page 78 C. Coated Particles......Page 79 E. Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Targeting......Page 80 F. Pulmonary Macrophage Targeting......Page 81 REFERENCES......Page 83 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 93 II. LIPID DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION AND THE PREABSORPTIVE PHASE......Page 94 IV. LIPIDS AND BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT......Page 96 A. Bioavailability Enhancement by Means of Physicochemical Mechanisms......Page 97 B. Bioavailability Enhancement by Means of Biochemical/Metabolic Mechanisms......Page 103 V. LIPIDS AND TARGETING TO THE INTESTINAL LYMPH......Page 109 VI. LIPIDS AND DRUG BINDING TO PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS......Page 115 A. The Impact of Lipid-induced Alterations in Drug–LP Binding Pro.les on Drug Pharmacokinetics......Page 124 B. The Impact of Lipid-induced Alterations in Drug–LP Binding Pro.les on Drug Pharmacodynamics......Page 125 REFERENCES......Page 127 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 139 A. Vesicles Affect Skin Penetration In Vitro......Page 141 B. Vesicles Affect Skin Penetration In Vivo......Page 146 C. Conclusions......Page 150 A. Introduction......Page 152 C. Amphiphilic Molecules as Penetration Enhancers......Page 154 REFERENCES......Page 161 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 170 II. PRINCIPLES OF RETROMETABOLIC DRUG DESIGN......Page 172 III. SOFT DRUGS......Page 173 A. Loteprednol Etabonate......Page 175 IV. CHEMICAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS......Page 179 A. Brain-targeting Chemical Delivery Systems......Page 180 B. Estradiol-CDS......Page 184 V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 186 REFERENCES......Page 187 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 195 II. THE LIVER......Page 196 A. Parenchymal Cells......Page 197 B. Kupffer Cells......Page 198 C. Endothelial Cells......Page 200 D. Hepatic Stellate Cells......Page 201 A. Liver Cirrhosis or Fibrosis......Page 205 B. Infectious Liver Diseases......Page 207 C. Liver Cancer......Page 209 IV. CELL-SPECIFIC CARRIER SYSTEMS......Page 210 V. CRITICAL ASPECTS OF CONJUGATES TARGETED TO THE LIVER......Page 212 VI. MODIFIED ALBUMINS......Page 214 A. Chemical Preparation of the Modi.ed Albumins......Page 217 1. In Vivo Studies......Page 219 2. In Vitro Studies......Page 221 C. Drug-Albumin Conjugates......Page 222 1. Liver Cirrhosis or Fibrosis......Page 223 2. Infectious Liver Diseases......Page 225 3. Liver Cancer......Page 226 4. Diagnostic Purposes......Page 227 VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 228 REFERENCES......Page 229 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 247 III. DNA CONDENSATION AND LOADING......Page 248 IV. PLASMID DELIVERY WITH ARTIFICIAL VIRAL ENVELOPES......Page 250 V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 253 REFERENCES......Page 254 I. SUMMARY......Page 255 III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVJ LIPOSOMES......Page 256 B. Penetration of the Vector into Tissues......Page 258 A. AVE Liposome: A New Anionic HVJ Liposome......Page 259 B. Development of HVJ-cationic Liposomes......Page 260 C. Malignant Glioma......Page 263 REFERENCES......Page 264 I. INTRODUCTION......Page 267 A. Immunological Approaches for the Modi.cation of Adenoviral Tropism......Page 268 B. Genetic Approaches for Modi.cation of Adenoviral Tropism......Page 270 III. TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGETING......Page 271 C. Tumor-selective Promoters......Page 272 D. Treatment-responsive Promoters......Page 274 F. Enhancing the Activity of Tissue-speci.c or Other Selective Promoters......Page 275 IV. TARGETING OF VIRAL REPLICATION TO TUMORS......Page 276 A. Targeting of Tumor-speci.c Dysfunctions in Cells Cycle Control or Apoptosis by Adenovirus Mutants......Page 277 REFERENCES......Page 278

demonstrates How Substitution Of A Variety Of Ligands Can Render Albumin A Versatile Targeting Tool For Selective Drug Accumulation In Various Cell Populations Of The Liver!

this Book Discusses Physical, Chemical, And Biological Approaches To Drug Targeting Technology, Focusing On Oral, Dispersed System, Topical, Dermal, Transdermal, And Inhalation Delivery, And The Development Of Original Formulations That Are Matched By Innovative Device Design.

considers The Efforts In Biotechnology And Molecular Biology To Produce Intelligent Drug Delivery Devices By Exploiting Biological Pathways!

containing Over 1100 References To Facilitate Further Study, Drug Targeting Technology
• Updates Recent Progress In Oral And Colonic Targeting Technology Using Ph- And Enzyme-sensitive Coating Materials And Novel Polymer Systems
• Shows How The Systemic Distribution Of Drugs Can Be Modulated By Lipid-based Carriers Taking Alternative Routes Of Transport, Particularly Lymph Flow
• Details Soft Drugs That Are Rapidly Metabolized To Inactive And Nontoxic Metabolites And Removed Efficiently From The Body
• Includes Successful Designs Of Virus-like Liposomal Delivery Systems That Offer The Advantages Of Viral Carriers
• Supplies Examples Of How Viral Delivery Systems Can Be Directed To Cancer Sites
• And More!
suggesting Harnessing Biological Processes As The Ultimate Approach To The Delivery Or Expression Of Pharmacologically Active Agents, Drug Targeting Technology Is A Top-shelf Reference For Pharmacists, Pharmacologists, And Pharmaceutical Scientists; Analytical, Surface, Physical, And Colloid Chemists And Biochemists; And Upper-level Undergraduate And Graduate Students In These Disciplines.

pt. 1. Physical targeting approaches. Enteric targeting through enteric coating New experimental coating material for colon-specific drug delivery Pharmacokinetic considerations in the design of pulmonary drug delivery sysystems for gluccocorticoids Lipid-based formulations for oral administration: opportunities for bioavailability enchancement and lipoprotein targeting of lipophilic drugs Topical application of drugs: mechanisms involved in chemical enhancement pt. 2. Chemical targeting approaches. Drug targeting by retrometabolic design: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems Neoglyco- and neopeptide albumins for cell-specific delivery of drugs to chronically diseases livers pt. 3. Biological targeting approaches. Gene delivery with artificial viral envelopes Evolution of viral liposomes: improvements and applications Targeting of viral vectors for cancer gene therapy. This work discusses physical, chemical, and biological approaches to drug targeting technology, focusing on oral, dispersed system, topical, dermal, transdermal, and inhalation delivery, and the development of original formulations that are matched by innovative device design The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date technological and pharmacological assessment of an "old'' but still widely used dosage form, the enteric-coated tablet, capsule, or granule.