حواس‌پرتی و بی‌توجهی راننده: پیشرفت‌ها در تحقیق و تدابیر مقابله‌ای، جلد ۱ (عوامل انسانی در حمل و نقل جاده‌ای و ریلی)

## Objective: A driving simulator was used to compare the effectiveness of increasing intensity (looming) auditory warning signals with other types of auditory warnings. ## Background: Auditory warnings have been shown to speed driver reaction time in rear-end collision situations; however, it is not clear which type of signal is the most effective. although verbal and symbolic (e.g., a car horn) warnings have faster response times than abstract warnings, they often lead to more response errors. ## Method: Participants (n=20) experienced four nonlooming auditory warnings (constant intensity, pulsed, ramped, and car horn), three looming auditory warnings ("veridical," "early," and "late"), and a no-warning condition. in 80% of the trials, warnings were activated when a critical response was required, and in 20% of the trials, the warnings were false alarms. for the early (late) looming warnings, the rate of change of intensity signaled a time to collision (ttc) that was shorter (longer) than the actual ttc. ## Results: Veridical looming and car horn warnings had significantly faster brake reaction times (brt) compared with the other nonlooming warnings (by 80 to 160 ms). however, the number of braking responses in false alarm conditions was significantly greater for the car horn. brt increased significantly and systematically as the ttc signaled by the looming warning was changed from early to veridical to late. ## Conclusion: Looming auditory warnings produce the best combination of response speed and accuracy. ## Application: The results indicate that looming auditory warnings can be used to effectively warn a driver about an impending collision. Content: Contents: Foreword Part I Introduction: Introduction, Michael A. Regan and John D. Lee. Part II Distraction and Inattention - Theory, Philosophy and Definition: Driven to distraction and back again, Peter A. Hancock Attention selection and multitasking in everyday driving: a conceptual model, Johan EngstrA m, Trent Victor and Gustav Markkula Driver distraction and inattention: a queuing theory approach, John W. Senders The relationship between driver distraction and mental workload, Nina Schaap, Richard van der Horst, Bart van Arem and Karel Brookhuis. Part III Visual and Attentional Processes: How is driving-related attention in driving with visual secondary tasks controlled? Evidence from top-down attentional control, Barbara Metz, Nadja Schoemig and Hans-Peter Krueger Proposing a risk monitor model based on emotions and feelings: exploring the boundaries of perception and learning, Truls Vaa. Part IV Distraction - Crashes and Crash Risk: Driver distraction and inattention: top crash causes in the United States of America, Ralph H. Craft and Brian Preslopsky Driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle operations, Richard J. Hanowski, Rebecca L. Olson, Jeffery S. Hickman and Joseph Bocanegra Driver distraction and inattention and their role in crashes and safety-critical events, Craig P. Gordon and Michael A. Regan A review of epidemiological data on the risks of using a telephone while driving, Jean-Louis Martin Drivers' perceptions of risk linked to mobile phone use while driving and implications for the design of driver awareness campaigns, Corinne Brusque. Part V Distraction - Measurement: Development and validation of an ecological driver distraction evaluation tool, Kristie L. Young, Michael G. Lenne, Jeffery Archer and Amy Williamson Oculometric measures as an index of clinical causes of driver drowsiness and inattention, William Torch and Carlos Cardillo. Part VI Distraction - Effects on Driving Performance: Driving whilst using in-vehicle i

It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all Police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication.

Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research.

The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives.

"It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication. Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research. The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives."--Back cover