Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C (Probleme Der Agyptologie, 11 Bd)

In the narrow sense this volume deals with Egyptian military activity in the southern Levant, about 1300 to 1185 B.C. In the broad sense it provides a case study for the integration of historical, archaeological, and anthropological perspectives. Basing himself on a new comprehensive concordance of terms in Egyptian military accounts, the author starts with a contextual analysis of over thirty terms and clauses. With the Egyptian perception of events established, two chapters are devoted to the archaeological evidence for Egyptian presence, influence, and destruction at over forty site, regional, and socio-ethnic toponyms in the southern Levant. In conclusion, an unprecedented research paradigm is presented for the assessment of Egyptian military activity. This volume includes illustrations, maps, and an extensive bibliography essential to Near Eastern historians, sociologists, archaeologists, Egyptologists and biblical scholars. Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 PREFACE 14 LIST OF FIGURES 18 LIST OF TABLES 20 ABBREVIATIONS 22 INTRODUCTION 26 Research Design 32 Identification, History, and Chronology 33 Destruction Correlates 34 Elements of Continuity/Discontinuity 35 Limitations 36 Methodology 37 I. HISTORICAL, TEXTUAL AND ICONOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS OF EGYPTIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY 40 Background to Egyptian Military Documents 40 Historiography and Egyptian Military Documents 40 Ideology 42 Kingship and Legitimation 44 Intended Audience 45 Textual Sources in New Kingdom Egypt 46 ἰw.tw Formula Reports 48 Daybook Reports 48 Literary Reports 50 Summary 51 Terminology and Iconography 51 Battle 53 wʿwʿ 53 Enemy Defeat 54 wʿf 54 pḫd 55 ptpt 56 fḫ 58 mḥ 59 nwḥ 60 ḥwἰ 61 ḥwtf 62 ḥsḳ 63 ḥdb 64 ḫf 65 ẖtb 77 ẖdb 78 smȝ 79 sḫr 81 skἰ 82 sksk 82 sd 84 gbgb 86 tἰtἰ 86 dr 87 Annihilation 88 spἰ 88 tm 89 Enslavement/Tribute/Gifts 90 ἰnἰ 90 ἰnw 94 ḥȝḳ (Verb) 96 ḥȝḳ(w) and ḥȝḳ(t) (Noun) 98 kfʿ 99 Military Action Against Crops/Orchards/Trees 100 fk 101 prt 102 mnt 106 Iconography 107 Conflagration 109 Metaphor for the King 109 Metaphor for the Egyptian Army and Battle 110 Direct References to Conflagration 111 Conclusions 112 II ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EGYPTIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT—CITY-STATE AND TERRITORIAL ELEMENTS 116 The Nature of Egyptian Presence in the Southern Levant 117 Egyptian Architecture 118 “Governor’s” Residencies 118 Forts on the “Ways of Horus” 121 Temples 124 Naval Bases 125 Egyptian Material Culture 127 Armory and Weapons 128 Ivory 130 Doorjambs and Lintels 131 Stelae, Statues, and Plaques 132 Pottery and Alabaster 133 Anthropoid Coffins 135 Pendants and Amulets 137 Scarab Seals 137 Hieratic Inscriptions 138 Summary 139 Seti I 143 General Chronology 143 Toward a Chronology of the Asiatic Campaigns 144 Archaeological Correlates for Military Activity 149 Transjordan 149 Pahil/Pella 149 Cisjordan 154 Akko 155 Beth ʿAnath 157 Beth Shan 158 Gaza 162 Hammath 163 Hazor 163 Yenoʿam 171 Summary 175 Ramses II 176 General Chronology 176 Toward a Chronology of the Asiatic Campaigns 177 Archaeological Correlates for Military Activity 179 Syria 179 Kadesh 181 Transjordan 184 Moab 184 Dibon 188 B(w)trt 190 Pahil/Pella 191 Cisjordan 193 Akko 194 ʾAphek 195 Beth ʿAnath 195 Beth Shan 196 Cana 198 Dor 198 Sharḥan/Sharuhen 199 Yenoʿam 200 Summary 200 Merenptah 203 General Chronology 203 Toward a Chronology of the Asiatic Campaign 203 Archaeological Correlates for Military Activity 206 Ashkelon 206 Gezer 209 Yenoʿam 213 Summary 213 Conclusions 214 III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR EGYPTIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN LEVANT—SOCIOETHNIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL ELEMENTS 219 Israel 219 Egyptian Sources 219 Occurrences and Context 219 Identification 220 The Name “Israel” 220 Nature of Israel: The Determinative 223 Nature of Israel: The Karnak Reliefs 224 Nature of Israel: The Term prt 226 The Location of Israel 228 Archaeological Data 229 Survey and Excavation Results 229 Chronology 230 Ethnicity and Archaeology 231 Continuity vs. Discontinuity 232 Technological Innovations and the Settlement 235 Summary 240 Shasu (Šȝsw) 242 Egyptian Sources 242 Occurrences and Context 242 Seti I 242 Ramses II 243 Merenptah 244 Iconographic Sources 244 Identification 245 Nature of Šȝsw: Etymology 245 Nature of Šȝsw: The Determinatives and Semantic Context 245 Nature of Šȝsw: The Iconographic Context 250 Location 252 Location of Šȝsw: The Semantic and Iconographic Contexts 253 Location of Šȝsw: Toponym Lists and Sequence Contexts 254 Archaeological Data 257 Pastoral Nomadic Occupational Evidence 257 Sedentary Occupational Evidence 259 Summary 260 Conclusions 261 IV. TOWARD A PARADIGM FOR EGYPTIAN MILITARY ACTIVITY DURING THE XIX DYNASTY 265 Suggested Paradigm of Egyptian Military Activity 265 Focus of Destruction 265 Enemies and Inhabitants 267 Cities and Villages 267 Means of Destruction 269 Open Terrain Warfare 269 Infantry 270 Chariotry 270 Siege Warfare 271 Battering Ram 271 Scaling 272 Sapping 272 Conflagration 273 Extent of Destruction 274 Gates and Defensive Systems 275 Administrative, Cultic, and Domestic Buildings 275 Fields, Orchards, and Crops 276 Summary 277 Implications and Conclusions 279 APPENDIX: THE STRUCTURE OF THE MERENPTAH STELA 282 WORKS CITED 297 INDEXES 378 Index of Authors 378 Index of Subjects and Places 387 Index of Terms 396 The nature of power - one of the central concerns in social science - is the main theme of this wide-ranging book. Introducing a much broader historical and geographical comparative understanding of domination and resistance than is available elsewhere, the editors and contributors offer a wealth of perspectives and case studies. They illustrate the application of these ideas to issues as diverse as ritualized space, the nature of hierarchy in non-capitalist contexts and the production of archaeological discourse. Drawing on considerable experience in promoting interaction between archaeol This publication of Egyptian international policy provides fascinating new information about Egyptian New Kingdom military activity by an unprecedented integration of textual, iconographic, and archaeological contexts, establishing not only the Egyptian perception of events, but actual effects on Levantine sociocultural dynamics.