Domestic Energy and Affordable Warmth (Watt Committee on Energy, Report Number 30)

this Report Arises Out Of The Working Group Set Up By The Watt Committee On Energy To Examine The Issues Relating To Domestic Use And Affordable Warmth. With Contributions From Both Academia And Industry, And Also Calling On The Expertise Of Others Deeply Involved In The Subject, This Book Provides The Reader With An Authoritative Coverage Of Providing Affordable Warmth To Those Living On Low Means Or In Inadequate Premises. Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Members of the Watt Committee on Energy Working Group on Domestic Energy and Affordable Warmth......Page 6 Contributors......Page 8 Foreword......Page 10 1.2 Nature and magnitude of the problem......Page 12 1.3 Costs and benefits......Page 14 1.4 Current policies and initiatives......Page 15 (a) Should the policy on CO2 emissions reduction be balanced against other objectives?......Page 17 (b) Should policies be related to climatic zones?......Page 18 (c) Should intervention be incremental or total?......Page 19 (f) To what extent can advice without investment achieve the objectives?......Page 20 (d) Should ratings be carried out on the whole stock or only part of it?......Page 21 (c) What economic criteria should guide investment decisions?......Page 22 (e) Should the resources or energy improvements be regarded as part of the total housing programme or a separate policy requiring its own resources?or a separate policy requiring its own resources? .........Page 23 1.7 Policy recommendations......Page 24 2.1 Domestic energy consumption......Page 28 2.2 Energy use and carbon dioxide......Page 30 2.3 Fuel poverty......Page 31 2.3.1 NUMBERS AFFECTED......Page 32 2.4.1 WARMTH......Page 33 2.4.2 AFFORDABLE......Page 36 2.5 Health and social effects of cold, damp housing......Page 37 2.5.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES......Page 38 2.5.5 VULNERABLE GROUPS......Page 39 2.6.1 COSTS TO THE OCCUPANTS......Page 40 2.6.2 COSTS TO SOCIAL AND NATIONAL AGENCIES......Page 41 2.7 Conclusions......Page 42 References......Page 43 3.1 Introduction......Page 44 3.2.2 CAPITAL RECEIPTS......Page 46 3.2.4 THE GREEN HOUSE PROGRAMME......Page 47 3.2.6 HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS......Page 48 3.2.7 HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCY SCHEME (HEES)......Page 49 3.3.2 THE GREEN HOUSE PROGRAMME......Page 51 3.4.1 FUEL UTILITIES......Page 52 3.4.2 THE ENERGY SAVING TRUST......Page 54 3.5 Energy pricing and its effects......Page 55 3.6 European Union directives......Page 56 3.6.2 ENERGY TAX......Page 57 3.7 Energy audits......Page 58 3.8.1 BUILDING REGULATIONS......Page 59 3.8.2 THE FITNESS FOR HUMAN HABITATION STANDARD (ENGLISH AND WALES) AND THE TOLERABLE STANDARD (SCOTLAND)......Page 60 3.9 Summary......Page 61 References......Page 62 4.2 The appliance-purchase/energy-use interface......Page 64 4.3 Ownership and utilization......Page 66 4.4 Energy consumptions and savings......Page 67 4.5 Discussion......Page 73 4.6 Conclusions......Page 75 4.7.2 EFFICIENCY THRESHOLDS......Page 77 4.7.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 79 References......Page 80 5.2 Policy context......Page 82 5.2.1 THE CURRENT POLICY POSITION IN THE UK......Page 84 5.2.2 CURRENT LEVERS FOR CHANGE......Page 87 5.4 Policy option selected by the Group......Page 90 References......Page 91 6.1 Providing affordable warmth......Page 92 6.2.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH......Page 93 6.3.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH......Page 95 6.4 Energy audits......Page 96 6.5 Additional Social Security benefits......Page 97 6.5.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH......Page 98 6.6 Regulations......Page 99 6.6.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH......Page 100 6.7.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH......Page 101 6.8.1 STRATEGY CHOICE:......Page 102 6.9 Administrative costs and economies of scale......Page 103 6.10 Fuel poverty vs the environment (or warmth vs energy saving)......Page 104 6.11.1 STRATEGY CHOICE......Page 105 Further reading......Page 106 7.1 Introduction......Page 108 7.2 Energy auditing......Page 110 7.3 The need to make energy auditing mandatory......Page 113 7.4 Programme of work......Page 114 7.6 Monitoring by central government......Page 118 7.7 Conclusion......Page 119 References......Page 120 8.1 Introduction......Page 122 8.2 The cost of warmth versus energy consumption......Page 123 8.3 Cost of warmth......Page 125 8.4 Cost of adequate warmth......Page 129 8.5 Energy rating......Page 134 8.6 A standard for affordable warmth......Page 136 8.7 Cost of achieving a Standard......Page 138 8.8 Heating additions......Page 142 References......Page 144 Source material......Page 146 Objectives, historical background and current programme......Page 148 Member institutions of the Watt Committee on Energy......Page 150 WATT COMMITTEE REPORTS......Page 151 OTHER PUBLICATIONS......Page 152 Index......Page 154 This report arises out of the Working Group set up by The Watt Committee on Energy to examine the issues relating to domestic use and affordable warmth, including hard-to-heat houses, low income and fuel poverty. The Working Group has reviewed the evidence of studies undertaken over the past two decades by government departments, local authorities, voluntary organizations and other agencies. It has subsequently established a clear methodology for considering policy options and proposes a range of solutions. Domestic Energy and Affordable Warmth, with contributions from both academia and industry, and also calling on the expertise of others deeply involved in the subject, provides the reader with an authoritative coverage, defining the difficulties and identifying strategies for dealing with the problems in providing affordable warmth to those living on low means or in inadequate premises. The Watt Committee on Energy promotes and assists research and development in all aspects of energy, disseminating information and encouraging strategic planning for government, industry, academia and the public at large. 1. Overview and policy recommendations / Thomas A. Markus 2. Defining the problem / Sonja Hunt, Brenda Boardman 3. Existing and likely initiatives / William Gillis 4. Appliances and affordable warmth / Marcus Newborough 5. Identifying policy objectives / Ian Cooper 6. Strategies for action / Brenda Boardman 7. Administrative issues and mechanisms / Ann Marno 8. Cost implications of a policy for affordable warmth / Bill Sheldrick. The Watt Committee on Energy was conceived in the mid 1970s as a channel for discussion of questions concerning energy in the professional institutions.