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Dogs, Past and Present: An Interdisciplinary Perspective gathers contributions from scholars from a variety of disciplines to provide a comprehensive assessment of the importance of dogs through history. Over the last decades, countless studies have examined the lives of dogs and their current place in our societies as well as their crucial part in human life and history. Data and hypotheses have progressively increased, sometimes controversially, in each field of investigation. The domestication of dogs and its success during prehistory is a fascinating theme that scholars of various disciplines are involved with. However, there has not been a real exchange between those approaches and it is extremely complex to reach a complete view of the thousands of texts which are published every year. By contrast, this volume is entirely dedicated to dogs and it is focused on the necessity of an ‘interdisciplinary perspective’ to fully understand the fundamental role that dogs have played in our past. When, where, how and why were dogs domesticated? What is their story? What was their role in the history of humankind? What is their role in traditional and non-traditional societies today? The book originated from the conference ‘Dogs, Past and Present – an Interdisciplinary Perspective’ held at CNR (National Scientific Council) and at Sapienza University in Rome (14-17 November 2018), promoted by the Italian Association for Ethnoarchaeology and organized by the editors. Cover 1 Dedication 2 Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents Page 5 Acknowledgements 9 List of Authors 11 Presentation 24 Forewords 25 Introduction 29 Opening. Calling on a Favour from Human’s Best Friend: Public Outreach in Science 35 Section 1 Dog Genetics, Microtomography and Morphometric Techniques 41 1.1 A Molecular View on the Domestication of Dogs 42 1.2 Mitochondrial DNA Variation Among Dogs of Mongolian, Tuvinian and Altaic Nomads 51 1.3 Ancient and Recent Changes in Breeding Practices for Dogs 58 1.4 Using X-ray Microtomography to Discriminate Between Dogs’ and Wolves’ Lower Carnassial Tooth 68 1.5 The Skull Shape of Canis lupus. A Study of Wolf and Dog Cranial Morphology 76 Section 2 Wolf Versus Dog 87 2.1 Size Variation of the Middle-Late Pleistocene Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) from the Italian Peninsula 88 2.2 The Advantages of Owning a Palaeolithic Dog 97 2.3 Why Wolves Became Dogs: Interdisciplinary Questions on Domestication 106 2.4 Vector-Borne Diseases as Possible Constraints on the Spread of Dogs into the Tropics and Beyond 116 Section 3 Dogs through Time: Role, Task and Position 131 3.1 Urban Nomads and Their Dogs 132 3.2 ‘The Mayor is a Dog’: The Coming of Age of Contemporary American Pet Culture 135 3.3 Wolves, Dogs and Water – Dogs and Fishing Boats 143 3.4 Dogs, Nomads and Hunters in Southern Siberia 157 3.5 The Dog – Human Interrelations in the Lower Amur Rural Regions (the Far East of Russia): Past and Present 175 3.6 The Mother of Dogs: Women, Power and Dogs in First Nations Societies in Northwest North America 184 3.7 Dogs Through Time: an Ethno-Evolutionary Perspective 195 3.8 Dogs and the Afterlife in Southern Italy between Ethnology and Archaeology 203 3.9 Faithful unto Death. Burial, Legends and Heroism of the Dog from Antiquity to the Contemporary Age 211 Section 4 Dogs: Archaeological and Archaeozoological Cases 217 4.1 Ur-gir and the Other Dogs from Abu Tberah (Southern Iraq): Considerations on the Role of Dogs in Sumer during the 3rd Millennium BCE 218 4.2 Ritual use of dogs in the Neolithic cultures of China 223 4.3 Neolithic Dogs in the Central Po Valley - A Review of Published Data and New Evidence 233 4.4 Evolution and Utilisation of Dogs in Austria: the Archaeozoological Record from the Neolithic to the Roman Period 243 4.5 A Dog’s Head in a House Pit at the Early Iron Age Site of Verucchio. Butchery Waste or Ritual Sacrifice? 260 4.6 The Dogs from the Cult Layers of the Ipogeo del Guardiano (Trinitapoli, Barletta-Andria-Trani, Italy) 267 4.7 Four Dogs in the Road and Other Canine Oddities from Gabii (Rome, Italy) 272 4.8 The Discovery of a Dog in the Excavations of the Rome Underground Line C in Largo Amba Aradam 277 4.9 Dog and Human Sepultures at Peltuinum (L’Aquila, Italy) 285 4.10 The Dog as a Companion in Life and Death: The Case Study of Dog Burials in a Human Grave (VII - VI BC) Loc. Collina dei Gelsi - Poggio Sommavilla (RI) 302 4.11 The Role of Dogs in the Xiongnu Society 311 4.12 Dog Burial at the Ust-Voikarskoe-1 Settlement and Its Interpretation Issues 316 4.13 The Dog in the Castle: a Dog Skeleton from the Castle of Santa Severa (Latium, Italy) 326 Section 5 Representation of Dogs in Different Cultures 345 5.1 Lupus in Fabula: The Representation of the Wolf (Canis lupus) in European Palaeolithic Art 346 5.2 At the Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship. Canid Representations in Levantine Rock Art 353 5.3 Dog Images in the Altai Rock Art 362 5.4 Representations of Dogs in Attic Funerary Monuments: A Question of Symbolism? 368 5.5 ‘Do not laugh, I beg of you, for this is a dog’s grave’: The Human-Canine Bond in the Ancient Greek World 373 5.6 The Image of the Dog on Ancient Coins in the Mediterranean Area 381 5.7 The Numismatist’s Best Friend. Images of Dogs on Roman Coins 390 5.8 Dogs in Early Imperial China: Anthropo-Zoological Reading of Iconographic Sources from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) 397 5.9 ‘Cobalt Greyhounds’. An Artistic Proof in Ceramics 414 Section 6 Dogs: Myth and Symbolism 419 6.1 ‘Implore me not, Dog’. The Dog in the Classical World: An Apotropaic View 420 6.2 Dogs in Phoenician Culture 428 6.3 Dog in War, Hunting, Livestock Work and Everyday Life of Greco-Roman Society 441 6.4 Dog in Philippine Life, Ritual and Creation Myths: in a Spirit of Hunting 452 6.5 Demonic Dogs of Mongolian Stag Stones and their Chinese Counterparts 468 6.6 A Few Days with Mongolian Dogs and Their Herders 476 6.7 Dog and Wolf in the Non-Tale Prose of the Turkic Peoples of Siberia 491 Back Cover 502 Dogs,Domestication,Burials,Art,Culture,Pastoralism.