Divisions and Solidarities : Gender, Class and Employment in Latin America

Traditionally, class analysis has exaggerated the role of economic differentiation, particularly that of the informal economy, and has underestimated the degree of common consciousness amongst the 'labouring class'. In Divisions and Solidarities , Alison MacEwen Scott examines class analysis and the inter-relationship between gender and class which creates a shared interest between men and women in some contexts and a divergence of interest in others. Using case studies of the urban population in Latin America, she presents a major critique of existing class theories and presents a new theoretical treatment on class formation, the orthodoxy of the informal economy, class consciousness and political participation. "Using both survey and case study data on working class persons in Lima, Scott argues that class fragmentation among the urban poor has been exaggerated and distorted. In addition to divisions between formal and informal sectors, aspects such as gender and skill, family affiliation, and the changing labor market are just as important, if not more so, when studying employment structure and divisions"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57. Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Figures and tables......Page 7 Peru: Lima and main urban centres......Page 10 Preface......Page 11 1 Introduction......Page 16 CLASS AND GENDER DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD IN LATIN AMERICA (1950s-1970s)......Page 18 CLASS, GENDER AND THE FAMILY......Page 20 MODIFYING THE CONCEPT OF CLASS......Page 21 THE CONCEPT OF A ‘LABOURING CLASS’......Page 22 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK......Page 23 METHODOLOGY......Page 26 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AMONGST THE LABOURING CLASS......Page 28 MARXIST AND ECONOMISTS’ ANALYSES OF DIFFERENTIATION......Page 30 THE INFORMAL SECTOR MODEL......Page 31 MARXISM, DEPENDENCY THEORY AND FORMS OF PRODUCTION......Page 33 RELEVANCE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR MODEL FOR CLASS ANALYSIS......Page 35 PORTES’ FRAMEWORK OF CLASS ANALYSIS......Page 36 CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTION......Page 38 THE EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY......Page 40 GENDER, CLASS AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR......Page 42 CONCLUSION......Page 47 3 Growth, inequality and mobility......Page 48 THE PATTERN OF GROWTH 1940–72......Page 50 Regional imbalances in the pattern of growth......Page 51 INCOME INEQUALITY......Page 52 FORMAL AND INFORMAL PRODUCTION......Page 53 Economic growth and the informal sector......Page 54 The informal sector in Lima, 1974......Page 58 The extent of formal/informal polarization......Page 60 Institutional protection......Page 61 Subcontracting......Page 62 Confinement to low-income consumer markets......Page 63 The changing gender distribution of employment 1940–72......Page 64 Gender and employment in 1974......Page 66 EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY......Page 69 OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN LIMA41......Page 74 GENDER AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY......Page 77 INEQUALITY, MOBILITY AND THE CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 81 4 Family, gender and the labouring class......Page 86 ANALYSING THE FAMILY......Page 87 ON MACHISMO......Page 89 THE BOURGEOIS FAMILY......Page 90 THE PEASANT FAMILY16......Page 92 Kinship, reciprocity and the labouring class......Page 96 The nuclear family/household......Page 98 GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOURING-CLASS FAMILY......Page 99 The domestic division of labour and distribution of resources......Page 100 The structure of power and authority......Page 101 Legitimating ideologies......Page 102 CONCLUSION......Page 104 5 Divisions amongst the labouring class......Page 106 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANUAL WORKFORCE IN LIMA, 1973......Page 107 INCOME DISTRIBUTION AMONGST MANUAL WORKERS IN LIMA......Page 108 General structure of the formal/informal division......Page 110 Earnings......Page 112 Fringe benefits and unionization......Page 114 LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND SKILL11......Page 116 OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION, FEMINIZATION AND INFORMALITY......Page 121 SELF-EMPLOYMENT......Page 124 LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF WORK......Page 128 LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND CLASS......Page 132 6 Mobility within the labouring class I: aggregate patterns......Page 134 METHODOLOGICAL NOTE......Page 135 FIRST ENTRY INTO THE LABOUR MARKET......Page 136 MOBILITY ACROSS LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS......Page 137 MOBILITY AND OUTCOMES......Page 141 JOB CHANGING AND JOB DURATION10......Page 142 THE ISSUE OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE COMMITMENT......Page 145 CONCLUSION......Page 146 GENERAL PATTERN OF MANUAL CAREERS......Page 148 Men in manufacturing careers......Page 151 Women in manufacturing careers......Page 154 CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION......Page 157 TRANSPORT CAREERS......Page 159 CAREERS IN COMMERCE......Page 161 CAREERS IN SERVICES......Page 165 CONCLUSION......Page 168 8 Employment, family and class......Page 170 Kinship networks and the labour market......Page 172 Gender and processes of labour allocation......Page 174 WOMEN’S WORK AND THE HOUSEHOLD......Page 178 OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD......Page 182 FAMILY, GENDER AND CLASS......Page 186 9 Consciousness and political action......Page 190 SUMMARY OF DATA ON CLASS IMAGES......Page 192 THE SHAPE OF THE CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 193 CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL CLASSES......Page 194 CLASS SENTIMENT......Page 199 DIFFERENTIATION AND MOBILITY......Page 200 GENDER AND CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 201 POLITICAL ACTION AMONGST THE LABOURING CLASS......Page 204 GENDER, CLASS AND POLITICAL ACTION......Page 209 CONCLUSION......Page 211 10 Conclusions......Page 214 GENDER DIVISIONS WITHIN THE MANUAL LABOUR MARKET......Page 216 GENDER SEGREGATION AND THE FAMILY......Page 217 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CLASS......Page 220 CONSCIOUSNESS AND POLITICAL ACTION......Page 222 CONJUNCTURAL SPECIFICITIES......Page 223 NATIONAL POPULATION CENSUSES......Page 226 MINISTRY OF LABOUR EMPLOYMENT SURVEYS......Page 227 THE CASE STUDIES......Page 228 PROBLEMS IN THE DEFINITION OF EMPLOYMENT DATA......Page 229 Defining ‘jobs’......Page 230 WORK HISTORY DATA......Page 231 Jobs and job changes in the work history data......Page 232 2 Class, gender and the informal sector......Page 234 3 Growth, inequality and mobility......Page 235 4 Family, gender and the labouring class......Page 238 5 Divisions amongst the labouring class......Page 242 6 Mobility within the labouring class I: aggregate patterns......Page 243 8 Employment, family and class......Page 245 9 Consciousness and political action......Page 246 References......Page 250 PERUVIAN CENSUSES......Page 264 Index......Page 268 Using Both Survey And Case Study Data On Working Class Persons In Lima, Scott Argues That Class Fragmentation Among The Urban Poor Has Been Exaggerated And Distorted. In Addition To Divisions Between Formal And Informal Sectors, Aspects Such As Gender And Skill, Family Affiliation, And The Changing Labor Market Are Just As Important, If Not More So, When Studying Employment Structure And Divisions--handbook Of Latin American Studies, V. 57. 1. Introduction -- 2. Class, Gender And The Informal Sector -- 3. Growth, Inequality And Mobility -- 4. Family, Gender And The Labouring Class -- 5. Divisions Amongst The Labouring Class -- 6. Mobility Within The Labouring Class I: Aggregate Patterns -- 7. Mobility Within The Labouring Class Ii: Career Paths -- 8. Employment, Family And Class -- 9. Consciousness And Political Action -- 10. Conclusions. Alison Macewen Scott. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [244]-258) And Index.