Diversity and change in modern India : economic, social and political approaches

India's society, economy, and polity have been transformed at a gathering pace since the early 1990s, and India's growing role on the world stage makes it imperative to understand the roots and consequences of these changes. The 11 papers in this interdisciplinary volume review the growing body of data that help to make sense of these changes and to understand their likely significance. The volume provides systematic, macro-level studies of economic, demographic, social, and political change in India but also micro-level analyses of the detailed mechanisms 'on the ground' of how Indian society is being re-shaped. This rare combination of micro- and macro-level analyses thus gives a rounded picture not only of national trends but also of the underlying processes of change. Each of the papers, by leading authorities in each field, showcases the fruits of new, previously unpublished scholarship across the social sciences. For example, Oliver Heath and Yogendra Yadav's paper draws on the remarkable series of election studies from 1967 to 2004 to offer an original picture and analysis of electoral change as India moved from its post-indep to understanding the processes of change and diversity in modern India.endence period of Congress dominance to its contemporary much more diverse structure. By contrast, the paper by Patricia and Roger Jeffery draws upon intensive village-level fieldwork conducted across 25 years when social welfare services have been transformed under globalising and liberalising pressures. By bringing together such contrasting kinds of social science studies, the volume will be a major new contribution to understanding the processes of change and diversity in modern India. upso-9780197264515-miscMatter-1 Title Pages Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Title Pages Economic, Social and Political Approaches (p.i) Diversity and Change in Modern India (p.ii) (p.iii) Diversity and Change in Modern India Title Pages upso-9780197264515-miscMatter-5 (p.vii) Notes on Contributors Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery (p.vii) Notes on Contributors (p.vii) Notes on Contributors (p.vii) Notes on Contributors (p.vii) Notes on Contributors upso-9780197264515-miscMatter-6 (p.xii) (p.xiii) Preface Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery (p.xii) (p.xiii) Preface (p.xii) (p.xiii) Preface upso-9780197264515-chapter-1 Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity ROGER JEFFERY ANTHONY HEATH Abstract and Keywords Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Uneven modernisation? Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity The sphere of politics Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Reform and the Indian economy, society & politics, 1990 to 2010 Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Conclusion Incongruities, Ironies and Achievements: India’s Tryst with Modernity Notes: upso-9780197264515-chapter-2 Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications TIM DYSON Abstract and Keywords Introduction Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications National trends Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Regional trends Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Summary and discussion Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications Notes: Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications upso-9780197264515-chapter-3 Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India PATRICIA JEFFERY ROGER JEFFERY Abstract and Keywords Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India (p.48) Introduction (p.49) Liberalisation, health status and health care in India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India ‘Only when the boat has started sinking’ Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Limiting fertility and eradicating polio Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India (p.61) Family planning Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India ‘Pulse’ polio Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Concluding reflections Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India Notes: Costly Absences, Coercive Presences: Health Care in Rural North India upso-9780197264515-chapter-4 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth VIJAY JOSHI Abstract and Keywords Introduction Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth The Ancien Regime Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Growth and poverty reduction since 1980 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Macroeconomic Balance11 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth (p.83) Monetary and balance-of-payments policies The Fiscal Problem and Fiscal Reform Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Structural Reform24 Trade Domestic taxation Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Private industry Finance Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Public sector enterprises32 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Infrastructure Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Factor markets Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Agriculture36 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth The social sectors Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Overview Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth The future: opportunities and threats (p.101) The employment problem Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Concluding remarks Postscript, November 2008 Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Notes: Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth Economic Resurgence, Lopsided Reform and Jobless Growth upso-9780197264515-chapter-5 The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector DIPANKAR GUPTA Abstract and Keywords The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector (p.108) Introduction The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector The rise of small-scale industries The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Merchant producerism and cheap labour The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector (p.114) Globalisation and social audits The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Child labour The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Contract labour The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector The absent present worker The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Overtime Effluents The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Cultural escape hatches The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector Has globalisation made a difference? Notes: The Blind Side of Globalisation: Auditing Merchant Producers in India’s Export Sector upso-9780197264515-chapter-6 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 DIVYA VAID ANTHONY HEATH Abstract and Keywords Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Introduction Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Theoretical framework—the modernisation thesis Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Modernisation and India: research questions Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Structural change and increasing room at the top Sectoral distribution of the workforce5 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Occupational change Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Trends in absolute mobility rates Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Trends in inequality of opportunity Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 (p.151) Class and caste Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Discussion Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Data Class schema Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Caste Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Birth cohorts Statistical methods Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 Notes: Unequal Opportunities: Class, Caste and Social Mobility1 upso-9780197264515-chapter-7 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 ZOYA HASAN Abstract and Keywords The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 (p.166) Introduction Mandal I: reservations in central government The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 Mandal II: reservations in higher education The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 Controversies and protests Shifts in public debate The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 Political response The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 (p.183) Judicial intervention The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The die is cast(e) The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 Notes: The Die is Cast(e): The Debate on Backward Caste/Class Quotas, 1990 and 20061 upso-9780197264515-chapter-8 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 OLIVER HEATH YOGENDRA YADAV Abstract and Keywords The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 Introduction The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 (p.192) Data and methods Indian elections since Independence The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Congress dominant party period The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Congress-Opposition period The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The period of multiparty competition The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The changing social bases of party support The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The political salience of caste–community The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 Conclusion The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 Notes: The Rise of Caste Politics: Party System Change and Voter Realignment, 1962–2004 upso-9780197264515-chapter-9 Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India LUCIA MICHELUTTI Abstract and Keywords Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Introduction Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Caste politics, the Other Backward Classes movement and the Yadavs Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Yadavs in Mathura town and their political involvement Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India (p.230) Ideologies of descent, ‘primordial factionalism’ and local elections Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India The political mobilisation of caste and the role of kinship Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India Notes: Understanding Popular Politics: Caste, Kinship and Factionalism among Yadavs in North India upso-9780197264515-chapter-10 A Left Front Election Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery A Left Front Election MUKULIKA BANERJEE Abstract and Keywords Introduction A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election (p.253) Bolpur constituency A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election The party office A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election A Left Front Election The post-election phase A Left Front Election Coda A Left Front Election Notes: A Left Front Election upso-9780197264515-chapter-11 The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India JAMES MANOR Abstract and Keywords The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India Notes: The Challenge of Representing the Complex Reality of India upso-9780197264515-bibliography-1 (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography (p.276) (p.277) Bibliography upso-9780197264515-indexList-1 (p.298) (p.299) Author Index Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index (p.298) (p.299) Author Index upso-9780197264515-indexList-2 (p.303) Subject Index Anthony F. Heath and Roger Jeffery (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index (p.303) Subject Index

India's society, economy, and polity have been transformed at a gathering pace since the early 1990s, and India's growing role on the world stage makes it imperative to understand the roots and consequences of these changes. The 11 papers in this interdisciplinary volume review the growing body of data that help to make sense of these changes and to understand their likely significance.

The volume provides systematic, macro-level studies of economic, demographic, social, and political change in India but also micro-level analyses of the detailed mechanisms 'on the ground' of how Indian society is being re-shaped. This rare combination of micro- and macro-level analyses thus gives a rounded picture not only of national trends but also of the underlying processes of change.

Each of the papers, by leading authorities in each field, showcases the fruits of new, previously unpublished scholarship across the social sciences. For example, Oliver Heath and Yogendra Yadav's paper draws on the remarkable series of election studies from 1967 to 2004 to offer an original picture and analysis of electoral change as India moved from its post-independence to understanding the processes of change and diversity in modern India's period of Congress dominance to its contemporary much more diverse structure. By contrast, the paper by Patricia and Roger Jeffery draws upon intensive village-level fieldwork conducted across 25 years when social welfare services have been transformed under globalizing and liberalizing pressures. By bringing together such contrasting kinds of social science studies, the volume will be a major new contribution to understanding the processes of change and diversity in modern India.

India's society, economy, and polity have been transformed at a gathering pace since the early 1990s, and India's growing role on the world stage makes it imperative to understand the roots and consequences of these changes. The eleven chapters in this interdisciplinary volume review the growing body of data that help to make sense of these changes and to understand their likely significance. The volume provides systematic, macro-level studies of economic, demographic, social, and political change in India but also micro-level analyses of the detailed mechanisms ‘on the ground’ of how Indian society is being re-shaped. This combination of micro- and macro-level analyses thus gives a picture not only of national trends but also of the underlying processes of change. Each of the chapters showcases the fruits of previously unpublished scholarship across the social sciences.