[پایان‌نامه] بررسی و توسعه نظریه و کاربردهای فعلی شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی با تأکید بر زندگی مصنوعی

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering How does the brain work ? How do the cells of the brainthe neuronscommunicate with each other? Are neuronal transplants possible? Examining these and other issues, The Biology of the Brain offers a series of engaging and readily comprehensible essayswritten by scientists working in the disciplinewhich detail sciences understanding of the cellular nature of the brain. The Biology of the Brain opens with a fascinating introduction by one of the worlds leading neurobiologists, Rodolfo Llins, who summarizes the major developments and discoveries in brain research in the last 100 years. Following this is an extraordinarily lucid article which explains the form and function of the neuronthe brains cellular workhorse. This essay sets the stage for understanding the mechanics of the working, thinking brain. Cell communication is examined next; this report outlines the recently discovered similarities between the messenger molecules in neurotransmitters and hormones and explores the implications of this discovery for future research. Groundwork is thus laid for the next article, which focuses on second messengers and their possible role in long term changes in the nervous system. Along with offering insight in the chemical composition of neuronal transmission, this article demonstrates the extraordinarily complex nature of nerve cells. Rodolfo Llins then probes the central issue of synaptic transmission. Subsequent essays describe how the study of simple nervous systems provides clues to understanding the workings of complex neural networks; the chemical differentiation of neurotransmitters; the function of neuropeptides in mediating behavior; what the retina tells us about nerve networks; and more. The Biology of the Brain concludes with a thought-provoking discussion of neuronal transplantation and its potential for modifying behavior. The Neurobiology Of Behavior -- The Brain And Behavior -- Nerve Cells And Behavior -- Genes And Behavior -- Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Neuron -- The Cytology Of Neurons -- Synthesis And Trafficking Of Neuronal Protein -- Ion Channels -- Membrane Potential -- Local Signaling: Passive Electrical Properties Of The Neuron -- Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential -- Elementary Interactions Between Neurons: Synaptic Transmission -- Signaling At The Nerve-muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission -- Synaptic Integration -- Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers -- Transmitter Release -- Neurotransmitters -- Diseases Of Chemical Transmission At The Nerve-muscle Synapse: Myasthenia Gravis -- The Neural Basis Of Cognition -- The Anatomical Organization Of The Central Nervous System -- The Functional Organization Of Perception And Movement -- Integration Of Sensory And Motor Function: The Association Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex And The Cognitive Capabilities Of The Brain -- From Nerve Cells To Cognition: The Internal Cellular Representation Required For Perception And Action -- Perception -- Coding Of Sensory Information -- The Bodily Senses -- Touch -- The Perception Of Pain -- Constructing The Visual Image -- Visual Processing By The Retina -- Central Visual Pathways -- Perception Of Motion, Depth, And Form -- Color Vision -- Hearing -- Sensory Transduction In The Ear -- Smell And Taste: The Chemical Senses -- Movement -- The Organization Of Movement -- The Motor Unit And Muscle Action. Edited By Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell. Originally Published: New York : Elsevier, C1991. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Summarizing the status of the neural network field today, this comprehensive volume presents the software-based paradigms and the hardware implementations of neural networks and how they function. Michael Chester describes the mathematical foundations of the various neural network models, as well as those of fuzzy theory. Sample applications are described in such areas as optical recognition of handwritten characters, speech recognition, machine control, and simulated biological evolution. Diagrams show neurons, their interconnections, and their behavior, as input patterns are presented to the networks. The step-by-step operations of networks are shown, both in their learning modes and their recall modes, as they categorize new input patterns on the basis of what was learned in the earlier phase. Neural Networks: A Tutorial provides the ideal bridge from theoretical background to practical understanding of neural networks. Presents A Collection Of Articles Previously Printed In Scientific American, 1977-1988 On The Nature Of The Brain. The Neuron / Charles F. Stevens -- The Molecular Basis Of Communication Between Cells / Solomon H. Snyder -- Second Messengers In The Brain / James A. Nathanson And Paul Greengard -- Calcium In Synaptic Transmission / Rodolfo R. Llinás -- Small Systems Of Neurons / Eric R. Kandel -- The Chemical Differentiation Of Nerve Cells / Paul H. Patterson, David D. Potter And Edwin J. Furshpan -- Gabaergic Neurons / David I. Gottleib -- Neuropeptides / Floyd E. Bloom -- The Functional Architecture Of The Retina / Richard H. Masland -- Transplantation In The Central Nervous System / Alan Fine. Edited By Rodolfo R. Llinás. Collection Of Articles Previously Published In Scientific American, 1977-1988. Includes Index. Bibliography: P. 163-165. Covering the fundamental theory and practical implementation of various neural models, this text provides a coherent exploration and a well structured presentation of the three most important aspects of the neural networks: application, algorithm, and architecture.

Intended for engineers and researchers interested in the applications of neural networks to signal and image processing, this book is theoretically based with emphasis on application and implementation. Coverage includes neural networks for representation, unsupervised networks for association/classification, neural networks for generalization/restoration, neural net and conventional optimization techniques, and special purpose supercomputers for neural nets.

Covering the fundamental theory and practical implementation of various neural models, this text provides a coherent exploration and a well structured presentation of the three most important aspects of the neural application, algorithm, and architecture. It offers working knowledge of the various neural models, the fundamental theoretical basis, the potential application domains, and the basic implementation issues. Electrical Engineers, Computer Engineers and Computer Scientists will find this text invaluable. This work explains how the brain functions. It emphasizes the neural tracks and functional neural interconnections among parts of the central peripheral nervous system and explains the biophysics of nerve cell function. It also features synoptic transmission and functional circuits, pain processes, motor function and the visual system. This book bridges the gap between the highly theoretical level of research in neural networks and the practical, analytical level encountered by those who are not specialized in the neural field. This volume contains articles first published in "Scientific American" that describe the biology of the brain, from individual neurons to complex nerve networks.