Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Dic: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment Options (Recent Advances in Hematology Research)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a devastating syndrome characterized by the systemic activation of widespread activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombosis, which may result in severe bleeding and may lead to organ failure. Recent studies have shown that the incidence of DIC is decreasing, especially in men. Despite the improvements in health care delivery, the morbidity and mortality due to DIC remains very high. Early diagnosis and accurate prognosis are important in improving the outcomes of patients with DIC. However, there is a lack of a gold standard diagnostic test to diagnose DIC and there is a scarcity of treatment or management strategies. Therefore, an understanding of the pathophysiology, ability to diagnose the DIC syndrome and to treat early, is the key. This book provides an important timely update on the clinical manifestations, important risk factors, and treatment strategies for DIC, and provides in-depth information on pathophysiological aspects and various diagnostic scores used to diagnose DIC. Furthermore, we focused on certain important factors related to DIC such as Sepsis, chronic DIC in cancer patients, coagulopathy of liver disorders vs DIC, and DIC in urological malignancies. In addition, this book provides evidence from an important study determining the predictors influencing the hospital mortality rates of the critically ill patients with DIC. This book offers a wide scope of information for physicians in all fields, whether they are intensivists, primary care physicians or oncologists, this will be an important source for identifying the DIC syndrome early, and the appropriate steps to improve patient outcomes will be taken sooner. DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC): CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS 3 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 6 Contents 7 Preface 9 Chapter I: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: Clinical Manifestations 11 Abstract 11 Introduction 12 Acute DIC 13 Chronic DIC 13 Conclusion 20 References 20 Chapter II: Risk Factors for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 25 Abstract 25 Introduction 26 Sepsis 31 Malignancy 32 Extensive Tissue Damage 34 DIC in Obstetric Practice 36 Genetic Risk Factors 39 Vascular 40 Cardiovascular Conditions 41 Prosthetic Devices 41 Toxic Reactions 41 References 42 Chapter III: Thrombomodulin and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 51 Abstract 51 Introduction 52 Anti-coagulant Effects of TM 54 TM and Inflammation 54 Conclusion 59 References 59 Chapter IV: Diagnostic Scoring System for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 67 Abstract 67 Introduction 68 Diagnosis of DIC 68 Scoring Systems 69 The JMHW DIC Scoring System 70 The ISTH DIC Scoring System 70 ISTH Overt-DIC Diagnostic Scoring System 71 ISTH Non-Overt DIC Diagnostic Scoring System 71 The JAAM DIC Diagnostic Scoring System 72 Comparisons between the Three DIC Diagnostic Scoring Systems 72 Conclusion 73 Acknowledgement 80 References 80 Chapter V: Outcome of Critically Ill Patients with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in a Tertiary Care Center 87 Abstract 87 Introduction 88 Methods 89 Results 91 Discussion 94 References 99 Chapter VI: Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 103 Abstract 103 Introduction 105 Epidemiology 105 Physiological Hemostatic Response 107 Pathogenesis of Sepsis-Associated DIC 109 Inflammation and Coagulation Cross-Talk in DIC 111 Diagnostic Criteria for DIC 111 Therapeutic Strategies 112 Conclusion 119 References 120 Chapter VII: Coagulopathy of Liver Disease versus Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: Who is Who? 129 Abstract 129 Introduction 131 Background 131 Clinical Presentation 133 Pathophysiology 136 Diagnostic Tests 141 Treatment 143 Conclusion 147 References 147 Chapter VIII: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Urological Malignancy 153 Abstract 153 Introduction 154 Prostate Cancer 155 Renal Cell Carcinoma 157 Wilms Tumor 157 Miscellaneous Urological Causes of DIC 158 Diagnosis and Treatment of DIC in Urological Patient 158 References 159 Chapter IX: Chronic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Solid Tumors: When, Whom and How to Treat? 165 Abstract 165 1. Introduction and Pathophysiology 166 2. Definition 166 3. Diagnostic Criteria 168 4. Therapeutic Strategies 169 Conclusion 172 References 172 Chapter X: Treatment Options for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 177 Abstract 177 Introduction 178 Treatment Options 178 Conclusion 184 References 184 Index 191 Uploaded by [StormRG] 202 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a devastating syndrome characterized by the systemic activation of widespread activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombosis, which may result in severe bleeding and may lead to organ failure. Recent studies have shown that the incidence of DIC is decreasing, especially in men. Despite the improvements in health care delivery, the morbidity and mortality due to DIC remains very high. Early diagnosis and accurate prognosis are important in improving the outcomes of patients with DIC. However, there is a lack of a gold standard diagnostic test to diagnose DIC and there is a scarcity of treatment or management strategies. Therefore, an understanding of the pathophysiology, ability to diagnose the DIC syndrome and treat it early, is the key. This book provides an important timely update on the clinical manifestations, important risk factors, and treatment strategies for DIC, and provides in-depth information on pathophysiological aspects and various diagnostic scores used to diagnose DIC. Furthermore, we focused on certain important factors related to DIC such as sepsis, chronic DIC in cancer patients, coagulopathy of liver disorders vs. DIC, and DIC in urological malignancies. In addition, this book provides evidence from an important study determining the predictors influencing the hospital mortality rates of critically ill patients with DIC. This book offers a wide scope of information for physicians in all fields, whether they are intensivists, primary care physicians or oncologists, this will be an important source for identifying the DIC syndrome early, and the appropriate steps to improve patient outcomes will be taken sooner.