Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East (The Contemporary Middle East, Series Number 5)

Dispossession And Forced Migration In The Middle East Remain Even Today Significant Elements Of Contemporary Life In The Region. Dawn Chatty's Book Traces The History Of Those Who, As A Reconstructed Middle East Emerged At The Beginning Of The Twentieth Century, Found Themselves Cut Off From Their Homelands, Refugees In A New World, With Borders Created Out Of The Ashes Of War And The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire. As An Anthropologist, The Author Is Particularly Sensitive To Individual Experience And How These Experiences Have Impacted On Society As A Whole From The Political, Social, And Environmental Perspectives. Through Personal Stories And Interviews Within Different Communities, She Shows How Some Minorities, Such As The Armenian And Circassian Communities, Have Succeeded In Integrating And Creating New Identities, Whereas Others, Such As The Palestinians And The Kurds, Have Been Left Homeless Within Impermanent Landscapes. The Book Is Unusual In Combining An Ethnographic Approach That Analyzes The Everyday Experiences Of Refugees And Migrants Against The Backdrop Of The Broad Sweep Of Mediterranean History. It Is Intended As An Introduction For Students In Middle East Studies, History, Political Science, And Anthropology And For Anyone Concerned With War And Conflict In The Region--provided By Publisher. Introduction: Dispossession And Forced Migration In The Middle East: Community Cohesion In Impermanent Landscapes -- 1. Dispossession And Displacement Within The Contemporary Middle East: An Overview Of Theories And Concepts -- 2. Dispossession And Forced Migration In The Late Ottoman Empire: Distinct Cultures And Separated Communities -- 3. Circassian, Chechnyan, And Other Muslim Communities Expelled From The Caucasus And The Balkans -- 4. The Armenians And Other Christians: Expulsions And Massacres -- 5. Palestinian Dispossession And Exodus -- 6. Kurds: Dispossessed And Made Stateless -- 7. Liminality And Belonging: Social Cohesion In Impermanent Landscapes. Dawn Chatty. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 305-322) And Index. Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 5 Title......Page 7 Copyright......Page 8 Dedication......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 List of Tables......Page 12 List of Charts and Maps......Page 13 Acknowledgements......Page 15 Introduction: Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Middle East: Community Cohesion in Impermanent Landscapes......Page 17 Scope of the term Middle East in this study......Page 19 Organization of the book chapters......Page 20 Introduction......Page 23 Theoretical background......Page 26 Migration theory......Page 27 Involuntary migration......Page 30 Nationalism, boundaries, minorities, and majorities......Page 36 Identity formation, ethnicity, and nationalism......Page 38 Displacement, space, and place......Page 39 Ethnic and national ideologies......Page 42 Multicultural spaces and hybridized places......Page 46 Placing the Other (‘Us’ and ‘Them’)......Page 47 Community and social cohesion......Page 49 2 Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Late Ottoman Empire: Distinct Cultures and Separated Communities......Page 54 Dispossession, banishment, exile, and refuge in Europe......Page 55 Dispossession and refuge in the Ottoman lands......Page 58 The rise of the Ottoman Empire......Page 59 The establishment of the millet (religious community) to govern the non-muslim (dhimmi) peoples......Page 61 The European interferences in Ottoman affairs regularized in the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire......Page 64 Ottoman identities and social transformations in the nineteenth century......Page 66 Millets, nationalism, and the Tanzimat reconsidered......Page 69 European and Russian imperialism and the diminution of the Ottoman state......Page 76 Dismemberment of the empire (and the growing dispossession of Muslims from Ottoman Europe)......Page 81 Greek nationalism......Page 82 Romanian semi-independence......Page 83 Serbian independence......Page 85 Bosnian rebellion (1875–6) and the Russian–Ottoman Wars of 1877–8......Page 86 Jewish immigration to Palestine......Page 90 Armenian nationalism......Page 92 The Macedonia problem 1912–3......Page 95 The Armenian massacres of 1915–6......Page 98 The end of empire and the emerging Turkish state......Page 100 Conclusion......Page 103 3 Circassian, Chechnyan, and Other Muslim Communities Expelled from the Caucasus and the Balkans......Page 107 Waves of expulsion......Page 110 Surviving expulsion and forced migration......Page 113 Caucasian settlement in the Balkans......Page 117 Secondary forced migration into Anatolia and the southern Ottoman provinces......Page 119 Caucasian forced migrants turn settlers in the Syrian provinces......Page 124 Damascus district settlements......Page 126 Jaulan Heights settlements......Page 128 Southern Syrian provinces......Page 132 Zarqa and other Chechnyan settlements......Page 135 Ethnic Identity and National Loyalty......Page 136 Conclusion......Page 143 4 The Armenians and Other Christians: Expulsions and Massacres......Page 150 Historical background......Page 154 Armenians in the late Ottoman period......Page 155 A protected minority......Page 156 Armenian nationalist agenda: Terrorism and vilification in Anatolia......Page 162 Wars in the East and the Armenian massacres......Page 170 Surviving the deportation and the death marches......Page 179 Conclusion......Page 192 5 Palestinian Dispossession and Exodus......Page 196 Who are the people of Palestine?......Page 198 The end of empires at the beginning of the twentieth century......Page 204 The emergence of European Zionism......Page 205 The Arab response......Page 208 The 1936–1939 Palestinian rebellion......Page 212 The UN Partition Plan of 1947 the declaration of the State of Israel 1948......Page 217 Palestinian expulsion and the humanitarian emergency......Page 220 The Palestinian exodus: Stateless refugees without protection or rights of return......Page 221 Palestinians in diaspora......Page 226 Lebanon......Page 228 Syria......Page 230 Jordan......Page 231 West Bank......Page 233 The Gaza Strip......Page 234 Discussion......Page 235 Josephine’s story......Page 236 Sa’ada’s story......Page 237 Walid’s story......Page 238 Ali’s story......Page 240 Conclusion: Palestinian notions of identity, of place and space......Page 242 6 Kurds: Dispossessed and Made Stateless......Page 247 Background (geography and history)......Page 250 The Baban revolt in 1806......Page 257 Mir Mohammed’s uprising in Soran......Page 258 Yezdan Sher revolt......Page 259 Shaykh Obeidullah’s revolt of 1880......Page 260 Kurdish separatism and nationalism......Page 276 Shaykh Said revolt......Page 277 Mount Ararat revolt......Page 278 Popular resistance in Dersim......Page 279 Kurds in Syria: stateless among citizens......Page 283 7 Liminality and Belonging: Social Cohesion in Impermanent Landscapes......Page 295 Dispossession, destruction and reconstruction......Page 300 Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the ‘unmixing of peoples’ and the re-creation of deracinated ‘communities’......Page 305 Armenians and other Christian refugees on the Russian–Ottoman borders......Page 306 Palestinians......Page 307 Kurds......Page 308 From liminality to social cohesion in impermanent landscapes......Page 309 Liminality and belonging......Page 312 Place and space......Page 314 Identity and language......Page 317 Conclusion......Page 318 Bibliography......Page 321 Index......Page 339 "Dispossession and forced migration in the Middle East remain even today significant elements of contemporary life in the region. Dawn Chatty's book traces the history of those who, as a reconstructed Middle East emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, found themselves cut off from their homelands, refugees in a new world, with borders created out of the ashes of war and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. As an anthropologist, the author is particularly sensitive to individual experience and how these experiences have impacted on society as a whole from the political, social, and environmental perspectives. Through personal stories and interviews within different communities, she shows how some minorities, such as the Armenian and Circassian communities, have succeeded in integrating and creating new identities, whereas others, such as the Palestinians and the Kurds, have been left homeless within impermanent landscapes. The book is unusual in combining an ethnographic approach that analyzes the everyday experiences of refugees and migrants against the backdrop of the broad sweep of Mediterranean history. It is intended as an introduction for students in Middle East studies, history, political science, and anthropology and for anyone concerned with war and conflict in the region"--Résumé de l'éditeur "Dispossession and forced migration in the Middle East remain even today significant elements of contemporary life in the region. Dawn Chatty's book traces the history of those who, as a reconstructed Middle East emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, found themselves cut off from their homelands, refugees in a new world, with borders created out of the ashes of war and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. As an anthropologist, the author is particularly sensitive to individual experience and how these experiences have impacted on society as a whole from the political, social, and environmental perspectives. Through personal stories and interviews within different communities, she shows how some minorities, such as the Armenian and Circassian communities, have succeeded in integrating and creating new identities, whereas others, such as the Palestinians and the Kurds, have been left homeless within impermanent landscapes. The book is unusual in combining an ethnographic approach that analyzes the everyday experiences of refugees and migrants against the backdrop of the broad sweep of Mediterranean history. It is intended as an introduction for students in Middle East studies, history, political science, and anthropology and for anyone concerned with war and conflict in the region"-- Résumé de l'éditeur Machine generated contents note: Introduction: forced migration in the contemporary Middle East: community cohesion in impermanent landscapes; 1. Dispossession and displacement within the contemporary Middle East: an overview of theories and concepts; 2. Dispossession and forced migration in the late Ottoman Empire: distinct cultures and separated communities; 3. Circassian, Chechnyan and other Muslim communities expelled from the Caucuses and the Balkans; 4. The Armenians and other Christians: evictions and massacres; 5. Palestinian dispossession and exodus; 6. Kurds dispossessed and made stateless; 7. Liminality and belonging: social cohesion in impermanent landscapes.