Diseases at the Wildlife - Livestock Interface: Research and Perspectives in a Changing World (Wildlife Research Monographs, 3)

Shared diseases among wildlife, livestock and humans, often transboundary, are relevant to public health and global economy, as being highlighted currently relative to the global COVID19 pandemic. Diseases at these interfaces also impact the conservation of biodiversity and must be considered when managing wildlife. While wildlife and domestic livestock have coexisted in dynamic systems for thousands of years, spillover disease risks are higher today than in the past due to global patterns of increasing close contact and interactions among wildlife, livestock and humans in the context of complex, diverse and numerous circumstances. Multidisciplinary studies of animal interfaces, especially those involving wildlife, therefore, must be brought to the forefront so that knowledge gaps can be realized and filled to inform managers and policy makers. In the first part of the book authors illustrate and discuss ecological and epidemiological concepts related to the interfaces, with a vision towards socio-ecological system health. In addition, the history of past animal interfaces provides the necessary perspective to focus current questions, better understand present situations, and informs how we can best approach the future. The second part discusses the myriad of similar and differing wildlife- livestock interfaces found around the world from a regional point of view. The third part focuses on how to assess the spatial and temporal overlap between livestock and wildlife, and authors present new technical innovations about how inter-transmissions between wild and domestic populations can be quantified. An overview of main modeling approaches available to quantify multi-host disease transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface, illustrated with specific-case studies, is also presented. Finally, the need for interdisciplinary approaches and a dedicated thematic field to approach the wildlife/livestock interfaces and create opportunities to promote wildlife–livestock coexistence is emphasized. The concluding chapter presents perspectives and directions to better understanding disease dynamics at the wildlife/livestock interface, global change and implications for the future. The changing distribution of interfaces, ongoing human and environmental changes (e. g. climate warming, changes in animal production systems, etc.) and their likely impacts and consequences for the interfaces and disease transmission processes are all discussed. Preface References Contents Part I: Introduction Host Community Interfaces: The Wildlife-Livestock Barriers Among Hosts as Opportunities for Pathogens The Wildlife-Livestock Interface Interfaces Among Host Communities: Questions, Theoretical Frameworks, and Approaches Wildlife Disease Meets Ecology Ecological Hierarchies of Host-Pathogen Interactions Analytical Approaches The Evolutionary Perspective Final Remarks References Natural and Historical Overview of the Animal Wildlife-Livestock Interface Introduction Understanding Previous Ecological and Epidemiological Contexts Pathogens, Host Communities, and the Time Scale of Evolution Pre-Domestication History Ecological and Environmental Changes Determining Host Diversity, Distribution, and Communities During the Pleistocene Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Humanity and New Interfaces Domestication: Origins and Diversity of Infectious Diseases at Animal Interfaces Domestication and First Pastoralism Consequences of Domestication and First Pastoralism at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interfaces Domination of the Land by First Civilizations and Regional Spread of Animal Epidemics Worldwide Expansion of Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interfaces, Industrialization and First Glimpses of Globalization Agriculture and Industrial Revolutions One World, One Interface The Globalization of the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interfaces Scientifically Based Management of the Interface in Modern Times Final Remarks References The Ecology of Pathogens Transmission at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface: Beyond Disease Ecology, Towards Socio-Ecological Sy... Introduction The Transmission of Pathogens at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interfaces Wildlife-to-Livestock Livestock-to-Wildlife Livestock-to-Wildlife, and Back? Wildlife-to-Livestock-to-Humans Ecological Drivers of Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Resource Availability Drives Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Predation Anthropogenic Drivers of Wildlife-Livestock Interactions Management of Protected Areas Evolution of Pastoralism and Consequences for Wildlife-Livestock Coexistence in Africa Way Forward: Toward Socio-Ecological Management of Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces References Part II: Regional Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Europe Introduction Socio-Economical and Biogeographical Circumstances of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Europe The Prevalent Livestock, Farm Typologies in Every Region and Opportunities for Interface The Wildlife The Disease at the Interface: One Heath Perspective Management Practices at the Interface (from Traditional Grazing Systems to Modern Techniques) Research on Diseases at the Wildlife/Livestock Interface Conclusions and Perspectives References Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Asia Introduction Socioeconomic and Biogeographical Circumstances of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface The Prevalent Livestock, Farm Typologies, and Opportunities for Interface Wildlife and Protected Areas in Asia The Disease at the Interface: One Heath Perspective Management Practices at the Interface Final Remarks References Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Africa Introduction History of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Africa Ecological, Socioeconomical, and Geographical Drivers Affecting the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Climate Change Population Growth and Movements Rural Exodus Deforestation Characteristics Affecting the Wildlife Interface in Different African Regions African Rainforests (Congo Basin, Remaining Forests in West Africa or East Africa) African Rangelands Transition Areas African Deserts Interphase Between Phylogenetically Close Species The Ruminant Interface Short Cycle Species (Pigs and Poultry) The Avian Interface The Pig Interface The Carnivore Interface The Equine Interface Interface Between Phylogenetically Distant Species The Multi-Species Interface New Interfaces in Africa The Human-Wildlife Interface The Camel Interface New Interfaces through Different Wildlife Utilization Wildlife Tourism Wildlife Production. A New Growing Interface Problems and Impacts Related to Wildlife-Livestock Coexistence Human Wildlife Conflicts Implications of HWC for Conservation Disease Transmission and Its Implications Implications of Disease Transmission for Human, Domestic Animal, and Wildlife Health Management Practices to Reduce the Risk of Disease Transmission at the Interface Fencing and Zoning Control in Targeted Hosts Surveillance at the Interface Raising Awareness among Exposed Stakeholders Future Directions for Improving Health Management at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface Conclusion References Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Oceania Introduction Socioeconomic and Biogeographical Drivers of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface The Prevalent Livestock, Farm Typologies, and Opportunities for Interface The Wildlife The Disease at the Interface: One Health Perspective Management Practices at the Interface References Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in North America Introduction Socioeconomic and Biogeographical Circumstances of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface The Prevalent Livestock, Farm Typologies, and Opportunities for Interface The Wildlife The Disease at the Interface: One Health Perspective Management Practices at the Interface Research of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Conclusion and Perspectives References Characteristics and Perspectives of Disease at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Central and South America Introduction Socioeconomical and Biogeographical Circumstances The Prevalent Livestock, Farm Typologies in Every Region, and Opportunities for Interface The Wildlife The Disease at the Interface: One Health Perspective Management Practices at the Interface Research of Diseases at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Conclusion and Perspectives References Part III: Characterization of the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Collecting Data to Assess the Interactions Between Livestock and Wildlife Introduction Methodologies Used to Collect Data on Interactions at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Direct Observation Focal Studies Linear Transects Epidemiological Sampling Community of Pathogens Molecular Epidemiology Risk Factor Analyses Epidemiological Questionnaires Camera Traps Global Positioning System (GPS) Proximity Loggers Final Remarks References Characterisation of Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces: The Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches and a Dedicated Thematic Field Introduction Characteristics of Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces Seen and Unseen Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces Conceptual Model for Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces Host Contacts for Disease Ecology at Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces Approaches to Characterise the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Behavioural Ecology Local Knowledge and Practices Molecular Approaches and Genetics Wildlife-Livestock Contacts and Disease Ecology: Case Studies Fine-Scale Spatial Interaction Between Wild Boar and Cattle Individual Versus Population Heterogeneity in Wildlife-Livestock Interface Studies Macro-ecological Scale Assessment of Conflicts Between Alien and Native Species Linked to Anthropogenic Variables in a Mediter... A New ``Science of the Interfaces ́ ́? References Quantifying Transmission Between Wild and Domestic Populations Why and How Quantifying Transmission Between Wild and Livestock Populations? Review of Most Commonly Used Approaches Correlative Approaches Statistical Methods Regression/Correlation of Observational Data Regression/Correlation of Experimental Data Frequentist Versus Bayesian Statistical Frameworks Other Statistical Approaches Spatial and Spatiotemporal Cluster Analysis Bayesian Belief Networks Machine Learning Algorithms Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Random Forest Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) Mechanistic Approaches Risk Analysis Disease Transmission Models Compartment-Based Models SIR Models SIR-Extended Models (Multi-host SIR Models) Network-Based Models Agent-Based Models: Automata Cell, Coupled Map Lattice, and Other Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Models Economic Analysis Molecular Approaches Traditional Phylogenetic Analysis Phylodynamics and Phylogeography Case Studies Bovine Tuberculosis Foot-and-Mouth Disease and African Swine Fever Avian Influenza Genetic-Based Approaches Sentinel Host Approaches Bluetongue Conclusions and Future Directions References Part IV: Synthesis and Conclusions Synthesis and Future Perspectives of the Study and Management of Diseases at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface Main Conclusions What Is Next?