کشف آب: جیمز وات، هنری کاوندیش و 'جدل آب' قرن نوزدهم

The 'water controversy' concerns one of the central discoveries of modern science, that water is not an element but rather a compound. The allocation of priority in this discovery was contentious in the 1780s and has occupied a number of 20th century historians. The matter is tied up with the larger issues of the so-called chemical revolution of the late eighteenth century. A case can be made for James Watt or Henry Cavendish or Antoine Lavoisier as having priority in the discovery depending upon precisely what the discovery is taken to consist of, however, neither the protagonists themselves in the 1780s nor modern historians qualify as those most fervently interested in the affair. In fact, the controversy attracted most attention in early Victorian Britain some fifty to seventy years after the actual work of Watt, Cavendish and Lavoisier. The central historical question to which the book addresses itself is why the priority claims of long dead natural philosophers so preoccupied a wide range of people in the later period. The answer to the question lies in understanding the enormous symbolic importance of James Watt and Henry Cavendish in nineteenth-century science and society. More than credit for a particular discovery was at stake here. When we examine the various agenda of the participants in the Victorian phase of the water controversy we find it driven by filial loyalty and nationalism but also, most importantly, by ideological struggles about the nature of science and its relation to technological invention and innovation in British society. At a more general, theoretical, level, this study also provides important insights into conceptions of the nature of discovery as they are debated by modern historians, philosophers and sociologists of science. 1. Introduction -- 2. The Nature Of Discovery : The Attributional Model -- 3. The Beginnings Of A Dispute And Its Interpretation -- 4. Attributional Survey : Phase One, 1784-1830 -- 5. Keeping Account : James Watt, Jr. And The Filial Project -- 6. The French Connection : Arago Re-opens The Controversy -- 7. Managing The Symbols Of Victorian Science : 'gentlemen Of Science' And The Water Controversy -- 8. The Advocates Of Watt : Brougham, Jeffrey And Muirhead -- 9. The Defence Of Cavendish : Character, Precision And Discipline -- 10. The Controversy Joined, 1840-60 -- 11. Still Waters : Attributional Survey, 1830-1900 -- 12. Conclusions -- App. Attributional Survey Database. David Philip Miller. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 289-305) And Index. The ancient Greeks believed water was an element, and thinkers continued to see it that way until the 18th century. Then, it was found to be a compound, constructed of hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Who would be credited with the discovery, however, was a dispute that went on for 70 years, long outlasting the protagonists. Miller's (U. of New South Wales, Australia) scholarly history of the controversy--and why it raged with such intensity for so long--is also a philosophical exploration of the nature of scientific inquiry and scientific discourse. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)