Discovering Life, Manufacturing Life: How The Experimental Method Shaped Life Sciences Science Expérimentale Et Connaissance Du Vivant. English

This book tells the story of how thinkers, over time, have dared to explore using experimental devices and how the experimental method established itself and took a predominant role in the life sciences. While life sciences continue to advance and knowledge becomes more widespread and accessible, philosophers now focus on problems of ethics particularly with respect to the reproductive functions that contemporary biology is able to manipulate and modify. Looking at the stunning progress made by scientific thought over the last five centuries we might ask ourselves what were the triggering factors that lead to the experimental method. How did this logical and objective approach to the exploration of various enigmas in nature arise and spread at a particular moment in time in the western world? Was there an influence from the social, religious or political context? Was the energy of a few individuals sufficient to initiate such a revolution? The authors of this book take us on journey of the mind, from the ancient roots of scientific rationality to today’s irresistible trend in genetic manipulation, particularly focused on human beings. Inevitably this will lead the reader to view the way in which science is done today under a new light. A fascinating discussion, based on concrete examples and experiments, provides food for thought, not only with respect to the experimental method itself, but also regarding the organization of science as it exists today and how it is perceived. About the authors: Pierre V. Vignais, a science doctor and a doctor of medicine, was awarded a scholarship of the Fondation Roux at the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Professor emeritus of Biochemistry of the medical college of the University Joseph Fourier and director of a URA-CNRS at the CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission), he received the CNRS Silver Medal and the Grand Prix de l'Académie des Sciences. He died, aged 80, in September 2006. Paulette M. Vignais, his wife, received her diploma in chemical engineering from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP) and obtained her Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Paris. She recently retired from a position of Emeritus director of Research at the CNRS where she directed a CNRS-CEA Unit at the CEA. This Book Tells The Story Of How The Experimental Method Established Itself And Took A Predominant Role In The Life Sciences. While Life Sciences Continue To Advance And Knowledge Becomes More Widespread And Accessible, Philosophers Now Focus On Problems Of Ethics Particularly With Respect To The Reproductive Functions That Contemporary Biology Is Able To Manipulate And Modify. The Roots Of Experimental Science From Ancient Greece To The Renaissance. Scientific Rationality In Ancient Greece -- The Philosophical And Technological Heritage Of The Middle Ages -- Conclusion : At The Dawn Of The Scientific Method -- The Birth Of The Experimental Method In The 17th And 18th Centuries. The Discovery Of The Circulation Of The Blood By W. Harvey -- How Were The Movements Of The Heart And The Blood Explained Before Harvey? -- The First, Faltering Steps Of Experimental Science Applied To Living Beings -- The Experimental Method And Its Impact On The Physical Sciences In The 17th Century -- Opening Up Chemistry To Quantitative Experimentation In The 18th Century -- Experimental Science As Seen By The Philosophers Of The 17th And 18th Centuries -- Is There An Explanatory Logic For The Birth Of The Experimental Method? -- Conclusion : The Marriage Of Techniques And Ideas --^ The Impact Of Determinism In The Life Sciences Of The 19th And 20th Centuries. The Recognition Of Physiology As An Experimental Science In The 19th Century -- Determinism, The Philosophical Foundation Stone Of Experimental Physiology -- The Impact Of Technology On The Life Sciences In The 19th Century -- New Disciplines In The Life Sciences In The 19th Century And Their Methodological Support -- The Idea Of Quantification In The Life Sciences -- A New Experimental Order For The Life Sciences In The 20th Century -- Opening Up Biological Experimentation To Reductionism -- The Experimental Method Faced With Contemporary Trends In Philosophy And In Social Life -- Conclusion : Determinism And The Expansion Of The Experimental Method From The Organ To The Molecule -- Challenges For Experimentation On Living Beings At The Dawn Of The 21st Century. The Accession Of Biotechnology Towards A New Paradigm For The Experimental Method --^ Towards A Mastery Of The Functions Of Living Beings For Utilitarian Purposes -- The Progress Of Medicine Face To Face With The Experimental Method -- Towards A Global Understanding Of The Functions Of Living Beings -- The Design And Meaning Of Words In The Experimental Process -- The Experimental Method, Understanding Of Living Beings And Society -- The Place Of The Scientific Researcher In The Changing Role Of Biotechnology -- Conclusion : Looking At The Present In The Light Of The Past -- Epilogue. Pierre V. Vignais And Paulette M. Vignais ; Translation By Martha Willison. Originally Published In French As: Science Expérimentale Et Connaissance Du Vivant : La Méthode Et Les Concepts. Les Ulis, France : Edp Sciences, C2006. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [353]-370) And Indexes. This book tells the story of how thinkers, over time, have dared to explore using experimental devices and how the experimental method established itself and took a predominant role in the life sciences. While life sciences continue to advance and knowledge becomes more widespread and accessible, philosophers now focus on problems of ethics particularly with respect to the reproductive functions that contemporary biology is able to manipulate and modify. Looking at the stunning progress made by scientific thought over the last five centuries we might ask ourselves what were the triggering factors that lead to the experimental method. How did this logical and objective approach to the exploration of various enigmas in nature arise and spread at a particular moment in time in the western world? Was there an influence from the social, religious or political context? Was the energy of a few individuals sufficient to initiate such a revolution? The authors of this book take us on journey of the mind, from the ancient roots of scientific rationality to today's irresistible trend in genetic manipulation, particularly focused on human beings. Inevitably this will lead the reader to view the way in which science is done today under a new light. A fascinating discussion, based on concrete examples and experiments, provides food for thought, not only with respect to the experimental method itself, but also regarding the organization of science as it exists today and how it is perceived. About the authors: Pierre V. Vignais, a science doctor and a doctor of medicine, was awarded a scholarship of the Fondation Roux at the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Professor emeritus of Biochemistry of the medical college of the University Joseph Fourier and director of a URA-CNRS at the CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission), he received the CNRS Silver Medal and the Grand Prix de l'Académie des Sciences. He died, aged 80, in September 2006. Paulette M. Vignais, his wife, received her diploma in chemical engineering from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP) and obtained her Ph. D. in biochemistry from the University of Paris. She recently retired from a position of Emeritus director of Research at the CNRS where she directed a CNRS-CEA Unit at the CEA Francis BACON, in his Novum Organum, Robert BOYLE, in his Skeptical Chemist and René DESCARTES, in his Discourse on Method; all of these men were witnesses to the th scientific revolution, which, in the 17 century, began to awaken the western world from a long sleep. In each of these works, the author emphasizes the role of the experimental method in exploring the laws of Nature, that is to say, the way in which an experiment is designed, implemented according to tried and tested te- niques, and used as a basis for drawing conclusions that are based only on results, with their margins of error, taking into account contemporary traditions and prejudices. Two centuries later, Claude BERNARD, in his Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, made a passionate plea for the application of the experimental method when studying the functions of living beings. Twenty-first century Biology, which has been fertilized by highly sophisticated techniques inherited from Physics and Chemistry, blessed with a constantly increasing expertise in the manipulation of the genome, initiated into the mysteries of information techn- ogy, and enriched with the ever-growing fund of basic knowledge, at times appears to have forgotten its roots. Front Matter....Pages i-x Introduction....Pages 1-6 The Roots of Experimental Science from Ancient Greece to the Renaissance....Pages 7-47 The Birth of the Experimental Method in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries....Pages 49-137 The Impact of Determinism in the Life Sciences of the 19 th and 20 th Centuries....Pages 139-240 Challenges for Experimentation on Living Beings at the Dawn of the 21 st Century....Pages 241-345 Epilogue....Pages 347-351 Back Matter....Pages 417-418