Discourses of Globalisation, Human Rights and Sports (Globalisation, Comparative Education and Policy Research, 38)

This book discusses major discourses of performing sports within human rights. Research findings data demonstrate that sports is an inequitable field today that has the potential to be a social change agent. There is more discussion about rights violations and what the fields of sports can do to be more rights-respecting, but the discussions are at a surface, rather than analytic level for most sports organizations. In sports, culture and human rights, as an emerging field, it is important to develop well crafter theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical body of knowledge. There is an academic discipline of sport that showcases its interdisciplinary nature. Linking sport to the field of human rights will require theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical evolution in this new discipline. There are both organizational, environmental and individual factors associated within the nexus of sports, athletes and human rights. This book links together sports and human rights in a systematic and analytical way. It contains chapters that discuss human rights policies in performing sports, from both organizational and interpersonal perspectives. The book focuses on the benefits of sports and the human rights and safety challenges within the operations of sports organizations and their impact on individual players. Foreword 7 Preface 8 Editorial by the Series Editor 9 Contents 11 About the Series Editor 13 Editors and Contributors 15 1 Discourses of Human Rights in Sport 21 1.1 Introduction 21 1.2 Why the Increased Attention to Human Rights in Sport? 22 1.2.1 Personal Human Rights Violations 23 1.3 Human Rights to Fight Segregation and Inequality 25 1.4 Understanding Sport Organizational Culture 27 1.5 Conclusion 29 References 30 2 Sport as a Basic Human Right: A Socio-philosophical Inquiry 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 The Deterioration of Freedom and Basic Human Rights 39 2.3 Anti-immigrants 41 2.4 Anti-LGBTQ+ 42 2.5 Racism 44 2.6 Sexism and Misogyny 45 2.7 Social Stratification, Collective Bargaining and the Formation of Unions 46 2.8 The Human Right to Thrive and Excel 48 2.9 Social Movements Promoting Human Rights in Sport 50 2.10 Fighting Racism in Sports 50 2.11 Fighting Sexism in Sports 53 2.12 Promoting LGBTQ+ Rights in Sports 54 2.13 Name, Image and Likeness (NIL) 56 2.14 Immigrants and Sports 57 2.15 Promoting Sport as a Component of ‘A Good Life’ 57 References 58 3 Athlete Rights Are Human Rights: How Athlete Centricity Led USA Gymnastics’ Culture Change 61 3.1 The Challenge 61 3.1.1 The Why 62 3.1.2 The What and the How 63 3.1.3 New People 64 3.1.4 New Priorities 67 3.1.5 Accountability 72 3.1.6 New Policies 73 3.2 The Results 74 3.2.1 Quantitative Results 75 3.2.2 Qualitative Results 75 3.3 Conclusion 76 References 76 4 The Other Athlete: Human Rights in Equestrian Sports 79 4.1 The Other Athlete: Human Rights in Equestrian Sports: Introduction 80 4.2 The Nexus of Equestrianism: The Horse 80 4.3 Horseback Riding—Yes, It’s a Sport! 85 4.4 Self-actualization in the Saddle: Flow, Grit, and Identity 91 4.5 The Culture and History of Equestrianism 96 4.6 Historic Origins, Historic and Contemporary Demographics 99 4.7 Modern Controversies and Conclusion 102 4.8 Conclusion 104 References 104 5 A World of Responsible Sport 109 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 The Meaning of ‘Responsible Sport’ 111 5.3 Thread 1: The Inherent Links Between Sport and Human Rights 113 5.4 Thread 2: The UNGPs as an Authoritative Framework 115 5.5 Thread 3: MSEs Embedding Human Rights 118 5.6 Thread 4: Responsible Sport Beyond Business Relationships 120 5.7 Thread 5: Enforceability of Business and Human Rights Standards 121 5.8 Autonomy and Specificity—A Challenge or an Opportunity for Human Rights? 123 5.8.1 Conclusion 126 References 127 6 Sexual Abuse and Human Rights in Sport: Why It Matters 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Sports Autonomy and Violation of Human Rights 134 6.3 History of Safeguarding and Safeguarding Approaches 137 6.4 Moving Forward from a Human Rights Approach 139 6.5 Individual Needs: Engaging the Survivors 140 6.5.1 Empowering the Survivor Voice 140 6.5.2 Using a Trauma Informed Approach 140 6.5.3 Attention to Equity-Deserving Athletes 141 6.5.4 Formalizing Athlete Representation 142 6.5.5 Having Advocates for Athletes: Support is Needed 143 6.5.6 Addressing Organizational Culture: The Responsibility and Accountability of Sport Organizations 143 6.5.7 Acknowledging Institutional Role in Past Trauma 144 6.5.8 Prioritizing Safety in Sport 144 6.6 Reducing Power Differentials and Potential for Grooming 145 6.6.1 Implementing Reporting Mechanisms 145 6.7 Responsible Due Diligence: Hiring and Training 146 6.7.1 Recognizing Fiduciary Responsibility of Organizations 147 6.8 Auditing and Monitoring 147 6.8.1 Understanding Scope of Past Trauma 147 6.9 Monitoring Current and Future Initiatives 147 6.10 Conclusion 148 References 148 7 Transgender Sports Bans are a Human Rights Issue 155 7.1 Gender Identity—What Does it Mean to be Transgender 155 7.2 Anti-LGBTQIA+ Legislation Tsunami 156 7.3 Sports Participation Among Transgender Athletes 157 7.4 Transgender Sports Bans 158 7.5 Biological Advantage 161 7.6 Harmful Rhetoric 162 7.7 Impact of Bans on Transgender Athletes and the Broader LGBTQIA+ Community 164 7.8 A Better Way Forward 166 7.9 Conclusion 167 References 167 8 Human Rights and Lex Sportiva: Sport for All 172 8.1 Introduction 172 8.2 Sport in the Main International Instruments for the Protection of Human Rights 174 8.3 Some of the International Organisations for the Protection of Sport Persons 178 8.4 The Olympic Charter and Human Rights 180 8.5 Sport and the Sustainable Development Goals 183 8.6 Human Rights Violations in Access to Sport, Lex Sportiva and the Sporting Context 185 8.7 Future Considerations 186 8.8 Conclusion 187 References 187 9 Sports and the Lives of Children: The Limitless Negative Impact of Coercion 190 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Coercion in Sports 191 9.2.1 Patterson Coercion Theory 192 9.3 Sports Gambling 192 9.4 Food Disorders 193 9.5 Conclusions 195 References 196 10 Born to Ride or Exploited Children: Mongolian Child Jockeys and International Human Rights Law 197 10.1 Introduction 198 10.1.1 Human Rights and Sports Overview 198 10.2 Origins of Horseracing in Mongolia 200 10.3 Structure of Mongolian Horse Racing and Associated Risk 202 10.4 Mongolian Child Jockeys Lived Experiences 204 10.5 Child Rights, Winter Horse Races, and Other High-Risk Practices 206 10.6 Safety Updates and Human Rights Law for Mongolian Child Jockeys 207 10.7 U.S. Involvements in Mongolian Human Rights Violations 209 10.8 Child Rights and Mongolian Jockeys 210 10.9 Conflicts Between the U.S. and Mongolia Reports 213 10.10 Proposed Policy Solutions 214 10.11 Conclusions 220 References 222 11 Globalisation, Human Rights, Sports, and Culture 224 11.1 Introduction 224 11.2 Sports as a Vehicle for Social Change 225 11.3 Categories of Human Rights in Sport 229 11.4 Authors’ Observations 232 11.5 Inequality and Discriminations in Sport 235 11.6 Reflections 236 11.7 Conclusion 237 References 237 Index 239