معاملات کثیف؟: دایره‌المعارف لابی‌گری، نفوذ سیاسی و فساد (مجموعه ۳ جلدی)

An encyclopedia unlike any other, this work focuses on lobbying, corruption, and political influence in America to inspire readers to think critically about the U.S. government and to appreciate the opportunities of citizenship. Even before the founding of the Republic, James Madison expressed the concern that special interest influence could become "adverse to the rights of other citizens [as well as] the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." In modern times, examples of lobbying scandals and corruption associated with political campaign contributions abound—and yet our political system can and does further the larger goals of American democracy. Suited for advanced high school students, undergraduates, and general readers, this set examines the three powerful forces that affect every level of government but typically operate out of public view. This three-volume work exhaustively covers the evolution and impact of lobbying, political influence, and corruption from the Colonial era to today. Volume 1 contains detailed scholarly essays on various aspects of lobbying, corruption, and political influence. Volume 2 comprises informative A–Z entries on people, events, laws, organizations, and legal decisions. The entries demonstrate the linkages among the topics but give equal attention to each as an independent influence on U.S. government and politics. Developments since 1990 and the extensive proliferation of the Internet and social media receive additional emphasis. Volume 3 contains primary documents that include executive orders, court cases, state and federal lobbying forms, and codes of conduct related to lobbying, campaign finance reform, and anti-corruption measures. Provides balanced and fair information about three of the murkiest but most powerful forces in American politics and government: lobbying, political influence, and corruption Covers a wide range of pertinent events, people, organizations, institutions, jurisprudence, and laws from the Credit Mobilier affair in the 19th century to the conviction of Jack Abramoff in the 21st century Includes suggested readings with each entry for further exploration of specific subject as well as a unique compendium of original data and documents such as laws, legislation, and agency regulations Supplies references for further reading and features extensive cross-referencing that directs researchers to other authoritative sources Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Preface Introduction Chronology VOLUME 1: ESSAYS Section A: Lobbying Origins and Evolution of Lobbying in America History and Evolution of Lobbying Regulation Social Media, Political Influence, and Lobbying Worldwide Perspective on Lobbying Issues in Overseas Lobbying by U.S. Firms A Citizen's Guide to Lobbying Section B: Political Influence All Politics Is Local The History of Campaign Finance Reform in the United States The Future of Campaign Finance Regulation in a Post-Citizens United World Watchdogs and Guidedogs: Journalism and Political Influence in the New Media Era 21st-century Influence and the Presidency: Social Media, Campaigns, and Transitions State Party Political Action Committees: Maintaining Political Relevance amid Campaign Finance Reforms Section C: Corruption The Roots of Corruption The Corruption Tax Ethics in Government and Governments in Ethics The Cause and Impact of Congressional Ethics Reforms VOLUME 2: ARTICLES A Abramoff, Jack (1958- ) Abscam Investigation Absolute Official Immunity Doctrine Adams, Sherman (1899-1986) Agnew, Spiro T. (1918-1996) Alexander, Herbert E. (1927-2008) American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS) American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) American Colonization Society (ACS) American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) American League of Lobbyists (ALL) American Legion American Temperance Society (ATS) Andrus, Ethel Percy (1884-1967) Anti-Saloon League (ASL) Appearance of Impropriety Rule Astroturf Lobbying B Babbitt, Bruce (1938- ) Babcock, Orville E. (1835-1884) Baker, Bobby (1928- ) Ballinger-Pinchot Affair (1909-1910) Belknap, William W. (1829-1890) Bernstein, Carl (1944- ) Biaggi, Mario (1917- ) Bilbo, Theodore (1877-1947) Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 Birnbaum, Jeffrey (1955- ) Blagojevich, Rod (1956- ) Blaine, James G. (1830-1893) Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507 (1980) Bribery and Conflict of Interest Act of 1962 Bristow, Benjamin Helm (1832-1896) Brown, Ronald (1941-1996) Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) Bundling Bureau of Internal Revenue Scandal (Truman Administration) Burroughs and Cannon v. United States, 290 U.S. 534 (1934) C Cameron, Simon (1799-1889) Campaign Disclosure Agencies Campaign Finance Reform (Federal) Campaign Finance Reform (State) Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859-1947) Censure Center for Public Integrity Center for Responsive Politics Christian Coalition Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 588 U.S. 1 (2010) Claybrook, Joan (1937- ) Code of Ethics, U.S. House Code of Ethics, U.S. Senate Codes of Ethics for Federal Employees and Officials Colson, Charles W. (1932-2012) Committee on Standards of Official Conduct Common Cause Conflict of Interest Prohibitions, Federal Conflict of Interest Prohibitions, State Connally, John Bowden (1917-1993) Connelly, Matthew J. (1907-1976) Council on Governmental Ethics Laws (COGEL) Countrywide Mortgage Scandal (2008-2009) Covode Public Corruption Investigation (1858) Cox, Archibald (1912-2004) Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872) Cunningham, Randall "Duke" (1941- ) Curley, James Michael (1863-1958) Customs Collectors Scandals D Daley, Richard J. (1902-1976) Daugherty, Harry M. (1860-1941) Dean, John (1938- ) Deaver, Michael (1938-2007) DeLay, Tom (1947- ) Dixon-Yates Affair (1954-1955) Dobson, James C. (1936-) Douglas, Paul H. (1892-1976) E Earmarks Ehrlichman, John D. (1925-1999) Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347 (1976) EMILY's List Encyclopedia of Associations: National Organizations of the U.S. Ervin, Sam (1896-1985) Espy, Mike (1953- ) Ethics Commissions, State Ethics in Government Act of 1978 Ethics Reform Act of 1989 Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 225 (1992) Executive Order 10939, To Provide a Guide on Ethical Standards to Government Officials (1961) Executive Order 11222, Prescribing Standards of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees (1965) Executive Order 12674, Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees (1989) Executive Order 12731, Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees (1990) Executive Order 12834, Ethical Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees (1993) Executive Order 13457, Protecting American Taxpayers from Government Spending on Wasteful Earmarks (2008) Executive Order 13490, Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel (2009) F Fall, Albert (1861-1944) False Statements Accountability Act of 1996 Falwell, Jerry L. (1933-2007) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, 551 U.S. 449 (2007) Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1910 (Publicity Act) Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1976 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) Federal Election Commission (FEC) Federal Prosecutor Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act (1946) Federalist #10 (1787) Federalist Papers (1787-1788) Feingold, Russ (1953- ) First Amendment (1791) Focus on the Family Foreign Agents Registration Act (McCormack Act) of 1938 Fortas, Abe (1910-1982) Freedom of Information Act (Public Information Act) of 1966 (FOIA) FreedomWorks G Galphin Claim Controversy Gardner, John W. (1912-2002) Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879) Gift Acceptance Provisions Gimme Five Gingrich, Newt (1943- ) Gold Ring Scandal of 1869 H Hague, Frank (1876-1956) Haldeman, H. R. (1926-1993) Hanna, Marcus Alonzo "Mark" (1837-1904) Hanna, Richard T. (1914-2001) Hard Money Hatch Act of 1939 and 1940 Hatch Act Reform Amendments of 1993 Hobbs Act (1946) Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 Honorarium Restrictions House Banking Scandal (1991) House Post Office Scandal (1991-1992) Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695 (1994) HUD Scandal (1990s) Hunt, E. Howard (1918-2007) I Illegal Gratuity Statute Ill-Wind Investigation (1986) Independent Counsel Act (1978) Independent Political Expenditures Indirect Lobbying Iran-Contra Scandal (1982-1986) IRS 501(c) and 527 Groups Issue Ads J Jacob, Paul (1960- ) Jaworski, Leon (1905-1982) Jefferson, William (1947- ) K K Street Project Keating Five Affair (1989) Koreagate Investigation (1976) L La Follette, Robert Marion (1855-1925) Lance, Bert (1931-2013) Liddy, G. Gordon (1930- ) Lincoln Bedroom Fund-Raising Controversy (1995-1996) Lobbying Disclosure Act (LDA) of 1995 Long, Huey P. (1893-1935) M Macy, John W., Jr. (1917-1986) Mail Fraud Statute Malbin, Michael J. (1943- ) McCain, John S., III (1936- ) McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93 (2003) McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257 (1991) McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987) Meany, George (1894-1980) Meese, Edwin, III (1931- ) Merchant Marine Act of 1936 Mitchell, John (1913-1988) Moral Majority Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988) MoveOn.org Muckraker N Nader, Ralph (1934- ) Nast, Thomas (1840-1902) National Grange National Publicity Law Association (NPLA) National Rifle Association (NRA) National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) Naval Appropriations Act of 1867 Ney, Robert (1954- ) Nofziger, Lyn (1924-2006) Norquist, Grover (1956- ) North, Oliver (1943- ) O Occupy Wall Street Overacker, Louise (1891-1982) P Party Machines Patronage Crimes Pay to Play Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act) of 1883 Pentagon Papers (1971) Poindexter, John Marlan (1936- ) Political Action Committee (PAC) Political Assessments Potter, Trevor (1955- ) Powell, Adam Clayton (1908-1972) Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act of 1966 Procurement Integrity Act of 1988 Public Campaign Funding, Presidential Public Campaign Funding, State Public Citizen Public Financial Disclosure Public Integrity Section of the Department of Justice Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 R Randolph, Edmund (1753-1813) Reed, Ralph (1961- ) "Revolving Door" Restrictions Richardson, Elliot (1920-1999) Rostenkowski, Dan (1928-2010) Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990) S Samish, Arthur (1897-1974) Scanlon, Michael (1971- ) Schurz, Carl (1829-1906) Senate Committee on Standards and Conduct Senate Watergate Committee (Senate Select Committee to Investigate Campaign Practices) Sierra Club Soft Money Soros, George (1930- ) SpeechNow.org v. FEC, 599 F.3d 686 (2010) Spoils System Steffens, Lincoln (1866-1936) Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge (STOCK) Act of 2012 Super PAC (Political Action Committee) Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT) (2004) T Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 Talmadge, Eugene (1884-1946) Tammany Hall Tea Party Teapot Dome Scandal (1920s) Tillman Act of 1907 Transnational Interest Groups Tweed, William Marcy (1823-1878) U United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612 (1954) United States v. Mississippi Valley Generating Company, 364 U.S. 520 (1961) United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, 513 U.S. 454 (1995) United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California, 526 U.S. 398 (1999) United States v. United Auto Workers, 352 U.S. 567 (1957) United States v. U.S. Brewers' Association, 239 F.163 (1916) Unruh, Jesse (1922-1987) U.S. Chamber of Commerce U.S. Office of Government Ethics (USOGE) V Vaughan, Harry H. (1893-1981) W Watergate Scandal (1973-1974) Watt, James Gaius (1938- ) Wedtech Scandal (1980s) Wertheimer, Fredric Michael "Fred" (1939- ) Wheeler, Wayne (1869-1927) Whiskey Ring (1875) Whitewater Investigation (1993-1994) Woodward, Bob (1943- ) Wright, Jim (1922- ) VOLUME 3: PRIMARY DOCUMENTS I. Overviews and Excerpts of Key Federal Laws Regulating Lobbying, Political Influence, and Corruption A. Lobbying 1. Public Utilities Holding Act of 1935 2. Merchant Marine Act of 1936 3. Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 4. Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 5. Lobby Disclosure Act of 1995 6. Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 B. Political Influence 7. Naval Appropriations Act of 1867 8. Civil Service Reform Act (Pendleton Act) of 1883 9. Tillman Act of 1907 10. Publicity Act of 1910 11. Federal Corrupt Practices Act (Amendments to the Publicity Act) of 1911 12. Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925 13. Hatch Act of 1939 14. Amendments to the Hatch Act of 1940 15. Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 16. Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (with Amendments through 1979) 17. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 C. Corruption 18. Hobbs Act of 1946 19. Bribery, Grafts, and Conflict of Interest Act of 1962 20. Freedom of Information Act of 1966 21. Ethics in Government Act of 1978 22. Procurement Integrity Act of 1988 23. Ethics Reform Act of 1989 24. False Statements Accountability Act of 1996 25. Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act of 2012 II. Overviews and Excerpts of Key U.S. Court Decisions Affecting Lobbying, Political Influence, and Corruption 1. United States v. U.S. Brewers' Association, 239 F. 163 (1916) 2. Burroughs and Cannon v. United States, 290 U.S. 534 (1934) 3. United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612 (1954) 4. United States v. United Auto Workers, 352 U.S. 567 (1957) 5. United States v. Mississippi Valley Generating Company, 324 U.S. 520 (1961) 6. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976) 7. Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347 (1976) 8. Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507 (1980) 9. McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987) 10. Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990) 11. McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257 (1991) 12. Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255 (1992) 13. Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695 (1994) 14. United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, 513 U.S. 454 (1995) 15. United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California, 526 U.S. 398 (1999) 16. McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93 (2003) 17. Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, 551 U.S. 449 (2007) 18. Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission, 599 F.3d 686 (2010) 19. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 588 U.S. 1 (2010) III. Selected Documents and Data A. Classic Texts Federalist No. 10 (1787) Amendment No. 1 to the U.S. Constitution (1791) Democracy in America (de Tocqueville) (1835) B. Executive Orders President Rutherford B. Hayes's Executive Order "On Assessment and the Political Activities of Federal Employees" (1877) President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10939 "To Provide a Guide on Ethical Standards to Government Officials" (1961) President Lyndon Johnson's Executive Order 11222 "Prescribing Standards of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees" (1965) President George H. W. Bush's Executive Order 12731 "Principles of Ethical Conduct for Government Officers and Employees" (1990) President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12834 "Ethical Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees" (1993) President George W. Bush's Executive Order 13457 "Protecting American Taxpayers from Government Spending on Wasteful Earmarks" (2008) President Barack Obama's Executive Order 13490 "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel" (2009) C. Modern Lobbying Reform "Gimme Five"—Investigation of Tribal Lobbying Matters, Final Report before the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (2006) Testimony to the U.S. House Committee on Rules (2006) Plea Agreement, United States v. Robert W. Ney (2006) American League of Lobbyists (ALL) Code of Ethics (2010) D. Codes of Official Conduct for Members of the U.S. Congress Proposals for Improvement of Ethical Standards in the Federal Government (1951) U.S. House of Representatives Code of Official Conduct (2012) U.S. Senate Code of Official Conduct E. Federal Lobbyist Registration Documents Federal Lobbyist Registration Form F. Sample State Lobbyist Registration Documents California Florida Hawaii Maine Texas G. Lobbying by the Numbers Top-Spending Lobbying Organizations by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2010 Top-Spending Lobbying Organizations by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top-Spending Lobbying Firms by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2010 Top-Spending Lobbying Firms by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top-Spending Lobbying Sectors by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2010 Top-Spending Lobbying Sectors by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top-Spending Lobbying Industries by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2010 Top-Spending Lobbying Industries by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top Lobbying Contracts by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2004 Top Lobbying Contracts by Congressional Cycle: 2006-2010 Top Lobbying Contracts by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top-Spending Lobbying Issues by Congressional Cycle: 1998-2004 Top-Spending Lobbying Issues by Congressional Cycle: 2006-2010 Top-Spending Lobbying Issues by Congressional Cycle: 2011-2012 Top Interest Groups Giving to Members of Congress: 2000-2010 Top Interest Groups Giving to Members of Congress: 2012 H. Corruption by the Numbers Selected Bibliography Editor and Contributors Index An encyclopedia unlike any other, this work focuses on lobbying, corruption, and political influence in America to inspire readers to think critically about the U.S. government and to appreciate the opportunities of citizenship. It provides balanced and fair information about three of the murkiest but most powerful forces in American politics and government and covers a wide range of pertinent events, people, organizations, institutions, jurisprudence, and laws from the Credit Mobilier affair in the 19th century to the conviction of Jack Abramoff in the 21st century. Contains primary source material.