Digital Therapy The New Age of Healthcare. Volume 6

Today, patients with chronic diseases increasingly need care. However, most current health systems, developed to respond particularly to congenital1, hereditary2 or acute3 diseases, are not always adapted to manage such health conditions.In this sense, we can note the considerable emergence of new organizations in the medical field brought about by advances in information and communication technologies (ICT). One of these advances is represented the contribution of 5G, which has provided intelligent algorithms introducing new architectures and new services at all levels in the care of patients, including the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of physiological health parameters.Even if we recognize that these medical technologies disrupt existing organizational methods, specializations and services in the care strategy, it is important to emphasize that this new pace of technological innovation drivenby ICT generates opportunities that embody the remarkable potential of digital therapy to significantly improve care through predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, precision- and evidence-based medicine.The prowess of medical innovations lies in the better management of healthcare structures, as well as in the reduction of costs related to the care of patients. As can be seen during the follow-up of a patient with a chronic disease, healthcare professionals are increasingly encouraging individuals to adopt emerging digital technologies to address their health conditions. Cover 1 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Contents 7 Introduction 11 Part 1. Medical Innovation 15 Chapter 1. A Conceptual Framework for Health Innovations 17 1.1. Introduction 17 1.2. Defining innovation 17 1.2.1. Different levels of innovation 18 1.2.2. Endogenous factors of disruptive innovation in digital health 21 1.2.3. Exogenous factors of disruptive innovation in digital health 23 Chapter 2. The Covid-19 Pandemic, an Exogenous Factor of Innovation 29 2.1. Origin 29 2.2. How the pandemic began 29 2.2.1. January 24, 2020: first cases of infection with the new virus in Europe reported by the WHO 30 2.2.2. January 28, 2020: implementation of the first measure of the European Union’s health crisis management plan 30 2.2.3. March 8, 2020: quarantine of the northern part of Italy 31 2.2.4. March 10–12, 2020: financial support measures announced by the European Union 31 2.2.5. March 11, 2020: the WHO reclassifies the “epidemic” as a “pandemic” 32 2.3. Covid-19: digital therapy as a response to the fight against the pandemic 32 2.3.1. Advanced imaging techniques for diagnosis 33 2.3.2. Telemedicine 34 2.3.3. Smart epidemiological maps 34 2.3.4. Detecting the virus using intelligent tests 34 2.3.5. Treatment of the disease using simulation analysis and decision support techniques 35 2.4. Conclusion 35 Chapter 3. Digital Therapy: For Which Health Needs? 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Background on digital health needs 37 3.3. Expressing health needs within populations 38 3.4. Examining the proposed digital technologies 41 3.4.1. AI-assisted remote patient monitoring 41 3.4.2. AI-assisted telemedicine 41 3.4.3. AI techniques 42 3.4.4. Robotics technology in health 42 3.4.5. Supply chain with drones 43 3.5. Mapping the population’s digital health needs 45 3.6. Conclusion 53 Chapter 4. AI Techniques Involved in the Design of Innovative Solutions 55 4.1. Applied health techniques 56 4.1.1. Automatic learning 56 4.1.2. Natural language processing 57 4.1.3. Signal processing and computer vision 57 4.1.4. Artificial neural networks 58 4.2. Examples of AI techniques in health 61 4.2.1. Multi-agent systems for designing solutions for gene recognition through medical imaging 61 4.2.2. Multi-agent systems or distributed AI to enable the design of solutions for predictive medicine 61 4.2.3. Autonomous robotics and signal processing for decision support solutions: diagnosis and therapy 62 4.2.4. ML and augmented reality for diagnosis assistance based on holomedicine concepts 63 4.2.5. Natural language processing and ML for remote monitoring of physiological parameters 63 4.2.6. Robotics and human language for supply management 63 4.3. Ecosystem of actors involved in the design of innovative solutions 63 4.4. Some challenges of AI 66 4.4.1. Artificial form of surveillance capitalism 66 4.4.2. Cyberattacks 66 4.4.3. Cost of assessing AI-assisted technologies in health 67 Chapter 5. Comparative Analysis of the Diffusion of Innovative Solutions between 2020 and 2030 69 5.1. Origin of the data for the analysis 69 5.2. Data analysis 70 5.2.1. View by country 70 5.2.2. General view 73 5.3. Presentation of AI health initiatives 73 5.3.1. Creation of platforms integrating AI 73 5.3.2. Diagnostic assistance solutions using AI techniques 75 5.3.3. Creating intelligent solutions for medical research 79 5.4. Overview of health AI legislation 81 5.4.1. European approach to AI regulation 81 5.4.2. Regulating and supporting AI in healthcare 81 5.4.3. Scaling up AI regulatory policy in line with medical practice 82 5.4.4. Reception of the regulatory proposals 82 5.5. Conclusion 83 Part 2. Digital Therapy and its Transformative Approach 85 Chapter 6. Strategies for the Sustainable Adoption of Digital Health Innovation 87 6.1. Introduction: adopting digital health technology 87 6.2. State of the art of digital health advice 88 6.2.1. Digital technologies for more efficient quality of care 88 6.2.2. Hospital at home 88 6.2.3. Evidence of sound and reliable comprehensive scientific data from the use of digital health technology 89 6.2.4. Societal beliefs 89 6.3. Theory of adoption of health technology solutions 91 6.4. General factors in the adoption of DHTs 92 6.5. Ecosystem of actors promoting the adoption of technology initiatives 93 6.5.1. Ecosystem of actors for the adoption of a health innovation 93 6.5.2. Adoption of digital technology by patients and the general public 94 6.6. Conclusion 96 Chapter 7. Indicators of Change in Healthcare Systems 97 7.1. Introduction 97 7.2. New governance that calls for the consolidation of a hospital business model 97 7.2.1. Case study: Canada 99 7.3. Internationalization of digital health activities 100 7.3.1. Case study: France 100 7.4. Conclusion 101 Chapter 8. A Radical Change in the Care System 103 8.1. Introduction 103 8.2. New organization of the health system 104 8.2.1. Creation of a single European cloud for medical care and research 104 8.2.2. Creation of a “one-stop shop” per continent for the development of research and development programs 106 8.2.3. Changing rules in the calls for projects 107 8.2.4. A new strategy for the production of scientific content 107 8.2.5. A new strategy to accelerate digital health innovations 108 8.3. Conclusion 109 Appendix: Mapping Digital Innovations in Health 111 Glossary 195 References 197 Index 203 EULA 208 The ever-growing number of medical services offered by digital healthcare applications is greatly influencing the medical sector on a global scale. These applications improve patient follow-up through predictive, preventative, personalized, participative and precision medicine. This new therapeutic era provides novel innovative approaches in medical care that can be understood as digital therapy. Digital Therapy thus presents an overview of the many incremental technologies in digital healthcare. Among those covered are humanoid assistance robots developed to meet caring challenges and artificial intelligence techniques that show promising results in the early diagnosis of certain chronic diseases. The book also outlines recommendations for reducing incapacitation in healthsystem management during coronary disease epidemics.