Digital technologies for solar photovoltaic systems : from general to rural and remote installations

The rising share of photovoltaic (PV) energy requires sophisticated digital techniques to control, monitor and integrate them with the grid. For movable systems, tracking is necessary. Especially for remote areas, where no trained personnel might be nearby to intervene, such technologies are vital to ensure reliability and power quality, and to harness the solar potential of these locations. This is important to use PV energy in the grid, as well as for desalination, water pumping and hydrolysis. Digital Technologies for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: From general to rural and remote installations focuses on the latest research and developments in PV energy system operation and integration. It provides extensive coverage of R&D to overcome critical limitations to the use of remote PV systems. Chapters cover phase-shifting transformers, grid-connected PV micro-inverter, distribution automation, PV powered water pumping, maximum power point tracking and solar tracking, soiling effects and measurement, cleaning methods, IoT based PV module cooling and cleaning, control of energy storage, and energy management. This book is a highly useful reference guide for researchers, designers, operators, and experts involved with PV systems, as well as for graduate students. Cover Contents About the editor Acknowledgments 1 Introduction: The role of digital technologies in solar PV systems: from general to rural installations References 2 Energy-efficient phase-shifting transformers for rural power systemswith solar PV energy sources: the state-of-the-art survey, artificial intelligence-based approach and a case study 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of power rating and applications 2.3 Classification of the PSTs: power circuit configuration and connections 2.4 Classification based on the control technique 2.4.1 Open- loop controller 2.4.2 Closed-loop controller 2.4.3 ANN-based optimization techniques 2.5 Protection techniques 2.6 Parallel operation 2.7 Dynamic model and analysis of a solar PV power plant integrated PST for rural power systems 2.8 Artificial intelligence-based apparent power estimation analysis of a PST used in rural power systems 2.9 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 3 Design and practical implementation of a grid-connected single-stage flyback photovoltaic micro-inverter 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Grid synchronization methods 3.2.1 Zero cross detection 3.2.2 Phase locked loop 3.3 Practical implementation procedure 3.3.1 Switching devices and snubber circuit 3.3.2 Input capacitor design 3.3.3 Output LC filter design 3.3.4 Electromagnetic interference filter 3.3.5 Flyback transformer 3.3.6 Hardware power stage circuit 3.4 Practical design of control scheme 3.4.1 Maximum power point tracking and PI controllers 3.4.2 Precision diode rectifier circuit 3.4.3 PWM circuit 3.4.4 Optocoupler and gate driver circuits 3.4.5 Dead time circuit 3.4.6 Implementation of the ZCD method 3.4.7 Comparator circuit 3.4.8 Schmitt trigger and digital buffer circuits 3.4.9 Phase detector 3.4.10 Proposed controller schematic 3.5 Simulation and experimental results 3.5.1 Proteus simulation results 3.5.2 Experimental results 3.6 Conclusion and future works References 4 Assessment of influences of high photovoltaic inverter penetrationon distribution automation systems: Vietnam distribution network case study 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The MV distribution network under study 4.2.1 The studied F474 MV feeder 4.2.2 Profiles of load and PV systems connected to F474 feeder 4.2.3 Settings of MV feeders overcurrent protection 4.2.4 Settings of PV undervoltage protection 4.3 Component modeling in DIgSILENT 4.3.1 Solar photovoltaic systems 4.3.2 Aggregated loads 4.3.3 External grid 4.4 Case study and discussions 4.4.1 Faults at the beginning of the feeder 4.4.2 Faults in between feeder CB and FI 8/13/3 4.4.3 Faults closed to FI 8/3/13 4.4.4 Overall presentation and conclusion 4.5 Perspectives 4.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 5 Processor-in-the-loop implementation for PV water pumping applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 PV water pumping system description 5.2.1 PV panel 5.2.2 DC/DC boost converter 5.2.3 DC/AC inverter 5.2.4 Induction motor 5.2.5 Centrifugal pump 5.3 Control strategies 5.3.1 Indirect field-oriented control 5.3.2 Maximum power point tracking algorithm 5.4 PIL test 5.5 Simulation results 5.5.1 MATLAB®/Simulink® results 5.5.2 PIL test results 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Advanced distributed maximum power point tracking technology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Limitation of the standard MPPT 6.3 DMPPT-full power processing architecture 6.4 DMPPT-differential power processing 6.4.1 PV–PV architecture 6.4.2 PV–bus architecture 6.4.3 PV–IP architecture 6.5 Conclusion and future work References 7 Dual- axis solar tracking system providing an intelligent stepchanging range (SCR) approach using real-time FDM with a sensorless design 7.1 Introduction 7.2 DASTS 7.2.1 Mechanical system 7.2.2 Electrical hardware and control system 7.3 Proposed FDM- based method using SCR 7.3.1 Determining the position of the sun 7.3.2 Conventional sensorless DASTS algorithm 7.3.3 Proposed FDM- based method using SCR 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Measurements and comparison 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Design and realization of a solar remote tracker system in a rural area 8.1 Introduction 8.2 PV and solar tracking 8.3 Solar tracking techniques 8.4 The experimental installation used in the study 8.4.1 Needs analysis 8.4.2 Design 8.4.3 Realization 8.5 Conclusion Appendix A References 9 Comprehensive literature review on the modeling and prediction of soiling effects on solar energy power plants 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Solar PV plants over the world 9.1.2 Digital technologies applied in the monitoring of remote PV plants 9.1.3 Soiling phenomenon and its modeling 9.2 Overview of soiling and modeling of soiling 9.3 Modeling of soiling, which path to follow? 9.4 Applied models per each category 9.4.1 Modeling and prediction of soiling potential/dust concentration (category A) 9.4.2 Determining the patterns of losses due to soiling (category C) 9.4.3 Use of weather conditions to predict deposited pollutants (category AB) 9.4.4 Correlation between losses due to soiling and deposited pollutants (category BC) 9.4.5 Correlation between weather conditions and losses due to soiling (category AC) 9.5 Analysis and discussion of the applied models 9.5.1 Theoretical modeling/statistical modeling 9.5.2 Modeling-based soiling influencing factors 9.5.3 Evaluation metrics 9.6 Conclusions and recommendations Acknowledgments References 10 Dust soiling concentration measurement system based on image processing techniques 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Proposed approach 10.2.1 Detailed system components description 10.2.2 Handling constraints are taken into consideration 10.2.3 A detailed description of the proposed approach 10.3 Experiments and results 10.4 Conclusion References 11 Anatomization of dry and wet cleaning methods for general to rural and remote installed of solar photovoltaic modules 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Experimental setup 11.3 Experimental procedure 11.4 Result and discussion 11.4.1 Case: I 11.4.2 Case: II 11.4.3 Observation and suggestions 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Suryashtmikaran – an Internet of Things-based photovoltaic module cooling and cleaning device 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Literature review 12.2.1 Dust cleaning methods 12.2.2 Temperature cooling methods 12.3 Methodology 12.3.1 Block diagram 12.3.2 Working procedure 12.3.3 Experimental setup 12.4 Results and discussion 12.4.1 Effect of cleaning and cooling on power output of solar panel 12.4.2 Temperature effect on power output of solar panel 12.4.3 Efficiency improvement 12.4.4 I–V and P–V characteristics 12.4.5 Effect of wind 12.5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 13 Robust control for energy storage system dedicated to solar-powered electric vehicle 13.1 Introduction 13.2 ESS description 13.3 H∞ control for ESS 13.4 Energy storage devices 13.5 Energy management strategy 13.6 Simulation results 13.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 14 Influence of energy management in solar photovoltaic system by block chain technologies for rural and remote areas 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Challenges in blockchain technology 14.3 PoW 14.4 Secure hash consensus techniques 14.5 Results and discussion 14.6 Conclusion References Index Back Cover The rising share of photovoltaic (PV) energy requires sophisticated digital techniques for control, monitoring and integration with the grid. In remote areas, where no trained personnel might be nearby to intervene, such technologies are vital to ensure reliability and power quality, and to harness the solar potential of these locations. Moreover, tracking is necessary for moveable systems. Digital technologies can be used to enable and augment the use of PV energy in the grid, as well as for desalination, water pumping and hydrolysis. Digital Technologies for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: From general to rural and remote installations focuses on the latest research and developments in PV energy system operation and integration. It provides extensive coverage of R&D to overcome critical limitations to the use of remote PV systems. Chapters cover phase-shifting transformers, grid-connected PV micro-inverter, distribution automation, PV powered water pumping, maximum power point tracking and solar tracking, soiling effects and measurement, cleaning methods, IoT based PV module cooling and cleaning, control of energy storage, and energy management. This book is a highly useful reference guide for researchers, designers, operators, and experts involved with PV systems, as well as for graduate students The hands-on reference of digital technology for using PV systems, especially in remote or harsh environments. Topics include transformers, micro-inverter, distribution automation, PV powered water pumping, power point and solar tracking, soiling and cleaning, IoT based PV module cooling, storage and energy management