Differential Diagnosis Of Body Fluids In Small Animal Cytology

Illustrated with high quality photomicrographs, Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology provides a comprehensive review of fluid cytology, with an extensive visual atlas. With key points describing the main clinical and cytological features of each pathologic condition, the book provides lists of causes and differential diagnoses, including handy "pearls and pitfalls" boxes. It is also enriched by chapters on microbiology testing of body fluids and other advanced diagnostic techniques, making the book a valuable resource for veterinary specialists (in particular clinical and anatomical pathologists), residents, veterinary undergraduate students, and small animal practitioners. Key features: Over 180 high-quality photomicrographs Ideal reference book with concise descriptions of each pathologic process Organized into key bullet points to facilitate use during diagnostic work, or as a revision aid. Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology Copyright Dedication Preface Contents Editors Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology: Body Fluids 1 Sample Collection, Preparation, General Assessment and Microbiology Testing of Fluids 1.1 General Recommendations for Collection of Fluid Samples 1.2 General Sample Processing 1.3 Slides Preparation 1.3.1 Smear preparation techniques Squash preparation Blood smear technique Line smear preparation Sediment smear Buffy coat preparation Cytospin 1.4 Slide Staining 1.5 Cell Count 1.6 Biochemistry Assays 1.7 Microbiology Testing in Body Cavity Fluids 1.7.1 Direct visualization of bacteria 1.7.2 Special stains 1.7.3 Direct visualization of other infectious organisms 1.7.4 Microbiology culture 1.7.4.1 General recommendations for collection of samples for culture 1.7.4.2 Bacterial aerobic culture 1.7.4.3 Bacterial anaerobic culture 1.7.4.4 Bacterial identification 1.7.4.5 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 1.7.5 Cytology versus culture in the identification of microorganisms in fluid specimens 1.7.5.1 False-negative culture results 1.7.5.2 False-positive culture results 1.8 Molecular Assays 1.8.1 PCR 1.8.2 Assays based on nucleic acid probes 1.9 Immunoassays Further reading Appendix 1 2 Respiratory Tract Fluids 2.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2.2 Sampling Techniques 2.2.1 Upper respiratory tract 2.2.2 Lower respiratory tract 2.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 2.3.1 Sample handling 2.3.2 Sample analysis Further reading 2.4 Cell Types 2.5 Normal Cytology of the Respiratory Tract Further reading 2.6 Upper Respiratory Tract 2.6.1 Sterile inflammation Sterile neutrophilic rhinitis Sterile eosinophilic rhinitis Sterile lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis Further reading 2.6.2 Infectious causes Bacterial infections Viral infections Fungal, protozoal and algal infections Parasitic infections Further reading 2.6.3 Neoplasms Epithelial neoplasms Mesenchymal neoplasms Neuroendocrine/neuroepithelial neoplasms Lymphoma Transmissible venereal tumour Further reading 2.7 Lower Respiratory Tract 2.7.1 Not representative sample 2.7.2 Oropharyngeal contamination 2.7.3 Non infectious causes2.7.3.1 Neutrophilic inflammation 2.7.3.2 Macrophagic inflammation Lipoid pneumonia Further reading 2.7.3.3 Lymphocytic inflammation Further reading 2.7.3.4 Eosinophilic inflammation Feline asthma Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy Further reading 2.7.4 Infectious causes 2.7.4.1 Bacterial infections 2.7.4.2 Viral infections 2.7.4.3 Fungal, yeasts, or algae infections 2.7.4.4 Protozoal infections 2.7.4.5 Parasitic infections Further reading 2.7.5 Haemorrhage Further reading 2.7.6 Neoplasms Primary epithelial lung tumours Lymphoma Histiocytic tumours Carcinoid Sarcoma Metastatic tumours Further reading 3 Body Cavity Effusions 3.1 Anatomy and Physiology 3.1.1 Pleural cavity 3.1.2 Peritoneal cavity 3.1.3 Pericardial cavity 3.2 Sampling Techniques 3.2.1 Thoracocentesis 3.2.2 Abdominocentesis 3.2.3 Pericardiocentesis 3.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 3.3.1 Sample handling 3.3.2 Fluid analysis Further reading 3.4 Classification of Cavitary Effusions Further reading 3.5 Cell Types 3.6 Pleural Effusions 3.6.1 Pathophysiology Further reading 3.6.2 Pleural Transudates 3.6.2.1 Non-infectious transudates 3.6.2.2 Infectious transudates Protozoal Disease Further reading Further reading 3.6.3 Pleural Exudates 3.6.3.1 Non-infectious exudates 3.6.3.2 Infectious exudates Further reading Further reading 3.6.4 Pleural effusions from ruptured or leaky vessels or organs Chylothorax Haemothorax Bilothorax (bilious pleural effusion) Charcoal-induced pleural exudate (lung rupture) Urothorax Oesophageal Rupture 3.6.5 Neoplastic pleural effusions (effusions from cell exfoliation) Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading 3.6.6 Microbiology testing of pleural fluids (Marta Costa) 3.6.6.1 Bacteriology 3.6.6.2 Mycology 3.7 Peritoneal Effusions 3.7.1 Pathophysiology Portal hypertension Further reading 3.7.2 Peritoneal transudates 3.7.2.1 Non-infectious transudates 3.7.2.2 Infectious transudates Further reading Further reading Further reading 3.7.3 Peritoneal exudates 3.7.3.1 Non-infectious exudates 3.7.3.2 Infectious exudates Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading 3.7.4 Peritoneal Effusions from ruptured or leaky vessels or organs Haemoabdomen Bile peritonitis Uroabdomen Peritonitis secondary to gastroenteric leakage Chyloabdomen Keratin-induced sterile peritonitis Peritonitis secondary to reproductive tract tears Further reading Further reading Further reading Further reading 3.7.5  Peritoneal neoplastic effusions (effusions from cell exfoliation) Further reading 3.7.6 Microbiology testing of peritoneal fluids 3.8 Pericardial Effusions 3.8.1 Pathophysiology Further reading 3.8.2 Pericardial transudates 3.8.3 Pericardial exudates Neutrophilic exudate Eosinophilic exudate Further reading 3.8.4 Pericardial effusions from ruptured or leaky vessels or organs Haemorrhagic effusion Chylous effusion 3.8.5 Neoplastic pericardial effusions (effusions from cell exfoliation) Further reading 4 Synovial Fluid 4.1 Anatomy, Physiology and Composition 4.2 Sampling Techniques 4.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 4.3.1 Sample handling 4.3.2 Sample analysis 4.4 Normal Cytology of the Synovial Fluid Further reading 4.5 Degenerative Joint Disease Further reading 4.6 Inflammatory Joint Disease 4.6.1 Infectious causes 4.6.1.1 Bacterial arthritis 4.6.1.2 Rickettsia infections 4.6.1.3 Viral infections 4.6.1.4 Fungal and yeasts infections 4.6.1.5 Protozoal infections 4.6.1.6 Parasite infestations Further reading 4.6.2 Non-infectious causes Histiocytic sarcoma Synovial sarcoma Other mesenchymal tumours Lymphoma Further reading 4.7 Haemarthrosis 4.8 Exogenous/Endogenous Material Deposition Further reading 4.9 Synovial Cysts Further reading 4.10 Neoplasms Further reading 5 Cerebrospinal Fluid 5.1 Anatomy and Physiology Further reading 5.2 Sampling Techniques Further reading 5.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 5.3.1 Sample handling 5.3.2 Sample analysis 5.3.3 Slide preparation 5.4 Normal CSF Composition 5.5 Cells Types and Non-cellular Material 5.6 Introduction to CSF Abnormalities Further reading 5.7 Inflammatory CNS Disease 5.7.1 Non-infectious CNS inflammatory diseases 5.7.1.1 Neutrophilic pleocytosis 5.7.1.2 Mixed mononuclear pleocytosis 5.7.1.3 Lymphocytic pleocytosis 5.7.1.4 Eosinophilic pleocytosis Further reading 5.7.2 Infectious CNS inflammatory diseases 5.7.2.1 Viral diseases of the CNS 5.7.2.2 Bacterial meningitis 5.7.2.3 Fungal diseases of the CNS 5.7.2.4 Prothotecosis (algal disease) 5.7.2.5 Protozoal encephalitis/encephalomyelitis 5.7.2.6 Rickettsial disease of the CNS Further reading Further reading 5.8 Lysosomal Storage Disease Further reading 5.9 Neoplasms 5.9.1 Primary CNS neoplasia Choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma Further reading Lymphoma Further reading Histiocytic sarcoma Further reading 5.9.2 Secondary CNS neoplasia 6 Aqueous and Vitreous Humour 6.1 Anatomy and Physiology 6.2 Sampling Techniques 6.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 6.4 Normal Aqueous and Vitreous Body Humour Cytology 6.5 Inflammatory Diseases 6.6 Non-inflammatory Diseases 6.6.1 Haemorrhage 6.6.2 Other pathologic conditions 6.7 Neoplasms Further reading 7 Bile Fluid 7.1 Anatomy and Physiology 7.2 Sampling Techniques 7.3 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 7.4 Normal Bile Fluid Cytology 7.5 Inflammatory Diseases 7.6 Non-inflammatory Diseases Further reading 8 Urogenital Fluids 8.1 Anatomy and Physiology 8.2 Urinalysis 8.3 Sampling Collection and Techniques 8.4 Sample Handling, Analysis and Slide Preparation 8.4.1 Sample handling 8.4.2 Urinalysis 8.5 Urinary Sediment Findings 8.5.1 Casts 8.5.2 Crystals 8.5.3 Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBCs) 8.5.4 Leucocytes/White blood cells (WBCs) 8.5.5 Epithelial cells Squamous epithelial cells Transitional (urothelial) epithelial cells Caudate epithelial cells Renal tubular (cuboidal epithelial cells) Prostatic epithelial cells 8.5.6 Infectious agents Bacteria Fungal spores and hyphae Parasites 8.5.7 Other elements Urinary tract infection (UTI) Feline idiopathic cystitis Eosinophilic cystitis Sterile haemorrhagic cystitis 8.6 Urinary Tract Inflammation Further reading 8.7 Prostatic Wash 8.7.1 Sampling techniques, handling, slide preparation and staining 8.7.2 Cell types 8.7.3 Prostatitis Further reading 8.7.4 Benign prostatic hyperplasia Further reading 8.7.5 Other non-neoplastic conditions Squamous metaplasia Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts Further reading 8.8 Neoplasms 8.8.1 Carcinomas Further reading 8.8.2 Lymphoma Renal lymphoma Bladder lymphoma Further reading 9 Additional Techniques to Refine the Cytologic Diagnosis in Fluid Samples 9.1 Cytochemistry 9.1.1 Cytochemistry to highlight the presence of infectious organisms 9.1.2 Special stains to identify pigment or extracellular substances 9.1.3 Special stains helpful to identify specific cell types 9.2 Immunocytochemistry 9.2.1 Round cell markers 9.2.2 Epithelial, mesothelial and synovial cell markers 9.2.3 Mesenchymal markers 9.2.4 Melanocytic markers 9.2.5 Infectious agents 9.3 Cell Pellet Immunohistochemistry Mesothelial hyperplasia versus neoplasia (mesothelioma and carcinoma) 9.4 Flow Cytometry, Clonality Testing and BRAF 9.4.1 Flow cytometry 9.4.2 PARR 9.4.3 BRAF Further reading Suggested Further Reading Suggested Further Reading Back Cover Illustrated with high quality photomicrographs, Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology provides a comprehensive review of fluid cytology, with an extensive visual atlas. With key points describing the main clinical and cytological features of each pathologic condition, the book provides lists of causes and differential diagnoses, including handy 'pearls and pitfalls' boxes. It is also enriched by chapters on microbiology testing of body fluids and other advanced diagnostic techniques, making the book a valuable resource for veterinary specialists (in particular clinical and anatomical pathologists), residents, veterinary undergraduate students, and small animal practitioners. Key features Over 180 high-quality photomicrographs. Ideal reference book with concise descriptions of each pathologic process. Organised into key bullet points to facilitate use during diagnostic work, or as a revision aid "This new volume provides a comprehensive coverage of cytology of all body fluids encountered in dogs and cats. It includes separate chapters for each fluid, from cavitary effusions (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal) to synovial fluids, tracheal and bronchoalveolar lavages (TWs, BALs), cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) and urines"-- Provided by publisher