Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology : The Skin and Subcutis

Illustrated with high-quality photomicrographs, Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology: The Skin and Subcutis is a comprehensive resource for identifying through cytology the most common cutaneous and subcutaneous diseases of dogs and cats. With key points describing the main clinical and cytological features of each lesion, the book provides lists of differential diagnoses, including diagnostic algorithms, and handy 'hints and tips' boxes. It is also enriched by chapters on the correct use and maintenance of the microscope, and techniques of collection and preparation of cytological specimens, making the book a valuable resource for veterinary pathologists (clinical and anatomic), residents, veterinary undergraduate students and small animal practitioners. Key features: -Over 130 photomicrographs of the most common skin and subcutaneous lesions to help with diagnosis. -Ideal reference book with concise descriptions of each lesion. -Organised into key bullet points to facilitate use during diagnostic work, or as a revision aid. Downloaded from VetBooks.ir Cover 1 Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology: The Skin and Subcutis 4 Copyright 5 Contents 8 Authors 11 Preface 12 Part 1 Basic Principles of Cytology 14 1 Guide to the Choice and Correct Use of the Microscope 16 1.1 Choosing a Supplier 16 1.2 Parts of a Microscope 16 Microscope head 16 Microscope stand 17 Eyepieces 18 Objectives 18 Condensers 19 Microscope illumination 20 1.3 Setting up a Microscope 20 Eyepieces 20 Illumination 20 Condenser diaphragm 21 1.4 Care of the Microscope 22 1.5 Taking Pictures of Microscope Images 22 Dedicated microscope camera 22 Commercial DSLR camera 22 The camera/microscope interface 23 2 Collection, Preparation and Staining of Cytology Specimens 24 2.1 Materials 24 2.2 Sampling Techniques 24 Fine-needle sampling with aspiration 24 Fine-needle sampling without aspiration 24 Imprint 25 Swab 25 2.3 Smear Preparation Techniques 26 Squash preparation 26 Blood smear technique 26 Line smear technique 27 Centrifugation 27 2.4 Slide Staining 28 3 Guidelines to Cytology Smear Examination 29 3.1 Step-by-step Approach to the Slide Examination and Description 30 Step 1: Low-power magnification (4×, 10×, 20×) 30 Step 2: High-power magnification (40×, 50×, 100×) 30 3.2 Interpretation of the Cytological Findings 34 Comment 34 4 Cytological Criteria of Malignancy 35 4.1 General Criteria of Malignancy 35 4.2 Nuclear Criteria 36 4.3 Cytoplasmic Criteria 37 Part 2 Cytology of Skin and Subcutis 38 5 Skin and Subcutis Anatomy 40 5.1 Main Components of the Skin and Subcutis 40 Epidermis 40 Dermis 41 Subcutis 41 Adnexa 41 5.2 Main Cell Types Observed on Cytology 42 Epithelial elements 42 Mesenchymal elements 43 6 Inflammatory Lesions 44 6.1 Neutrophilic Inflammation 45 General information 45 Cytological features 45 Causes 45 6.2 Macrophagic Inflammation 48 General information 48 Cytological features 48 Causes 48 6.3 Eosinophilic Inflammation 51 General information 51 Cytological features 51 Causes 51 6.4 Lymphocytic Inflammation 54 General information 54 Cytological features 54 Causes 54 6.5 Inflammation Caused by Infectious Agents 56 General information 56 Bacterial infections 56 Fungal, yeasts or algae infections 56 Protozoal infections 56 Parasitic infections 56 6.6 Panniculitis 59 Clinical features 59 Cytological features 59 6.7 Xanthoma 61 Clinical features 61 Cytological features 61 6.8 Injection Site and Foreign Body Reaction 63 Clinical features 63 Cytological features 63 6.9 Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) 66 Clinical features 66 Cytological features 66 7 Cysts, Tumour-like Lesions and Response to Tissue Injury 68 7.1 Follicular Cysts 68 Clinical features 68 Cytological features 68 Variants 68 7.2 (Sweat Gland) Apocrine Cyst 72 Clinical features 72 Cytological features 72 7.3 Fibroadnexal Hamartoma 73 Clinical features 73 Cytological features 73 7.4 Haematoma and Haemorrhage 75 Clinical features 75 Cytological features 75 Causes 75 7.5 Necrosis 78 Clinical features 78 Cytological findings 78 Causes 78 7.6 Calcinosis 81 Cytological features 81 7.7 Granulation Tissue 84 Clinical features 84 Cytological features 84 7.8 Nodular Fasciitis 87 Clinical features 87 Cytological features 87 8 Epithelial Tumours 89 Cytological diagnosis of cutaneous epithelial lesions 89 Key cytological features 90 8.1 Tumours without Epidermal or Adnexal Differentiation 91 Basal cell tumour and basal cell carcinoma 91 Clinical features 91 Cytological features 91 8.2 Epidermal Tumours 93 Papilloma 93 Clinical features 93 Cytological features 93 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 95 Clinical features 95 Cytological features 95 Variants 96 8.3 Follicular Tumours 100 Trichoblastoma 100 Clinical features 100 Cytological features 100 Variants 100 Trichoepithelioma 104 Clinical features 104 Cytological features 104 Infundibular keratinizing acanthoma (IKA) (dog) 107 Clinical features 107 Cytological features 107 Pilomatricoma 110 Clinical features 110 Cytological features 110 8.4 Sebaceous Tumours 113 Sebaceous adenoma, epithelioma and carcinoma 113 Clinical features 113 Cytological features 113 Perianal gland adenoma, epithelioma and carcinoma (dog) 117 Clinical features 117 Cytological features 117 8.5 Apocrine Gland Tumours 120 Sweat gland adenoma and carcinoma 120 Clinical features 120 Cytological features 120 Ceruminous gland adenoma and carcinoma 124 Clinical features 124 Cytological features 124 Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASAC) 127 Clinical features 127 Cytological features 127 Variants 128 8.6 Clear Cell Adnexal Carcinoma (Dog) 132 Clinical features 132 Cytological features 132 8.7 Merkel Cell Tumour 134 Clinical features 134 Cytological features 134 8.8 Diagnostic Algorithms 136 9 Mesenchymal Tumours and Other Neoplasms 137 Cytological diagnosis of cutaneous mesenchymal lesions 137 Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) 138 Grading of soft tissue sarcomas 138 9.1 Mesenchymal Tumours 139 Fibroma and fibrosarcoma 139 Clinical features 139 Cytological features 139 Myxoma and myxosarcoma 143 Clinical features 143 Cytological features 143 Keloidal fibroma and fibrosarcoma 145 Clinical features 145 Cytological features 145 Perivascular wall tumours (PWTs) 147 Clinical features 147 Cytological features 147 Lipoma 151 Clinical features 151 Cytological features 151 Variants 151 Liposarcoma 153 Clinical features 153 Cytological features 153 Variants 153 Haemangioma 156 Clinical features 156 Cytological features 156 Variants 156 Haemangiosarcoma 157 Clinical features 157 Cytological features 157 Variants 158 Anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells and pleomorphic sarcoma 161 Clinical features 161 Cytological features 161 Variants 161 Injection site sarcoma 163 Clinical features 163 Cytological features 163 Rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma 165 Clinical features 165 Cytological features 165 Variants 165 9.2 Histiocytic Tumours 168 Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) 168 Clinical features 168 Cytological features 168 Feline progressive dendritic cell histiocytosis (FPH) 171 Clinical features 171 Cytological features 171 Other canine histiocytic disorders 174 Clinical features 174 Cytological features 174 9.3 Melanocytic Tumours 177 Clinical features 177 Cytological features 177 Variants 178 10 Round Cell Tumours 181 Cytological diagnosis of cutaneous round cell tumours 181 10.1 Canine mast cell tumour (canine MCT) 182 Clinical features 182 Cytological features 182 10.2 Feline mast Cell Tumour (feline MCT) 187 Clinical features 187 Cytological features 187 Variants 187 10.3 Cutaneous histiocytoma (dog) 191 Clinical features 191 Cytological features 191 10.4 Plasma cell tumour 194 Clinical features 194 Cytological features 194 10.5 Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) 198 Clinical features 198 Cytological features 198 10.6 Cutaneous lymphoma 200 Clinical features 200 Cytological features 201 11 Metastatic Lesions 205 General information 205 Cytological features 205 12 Suggested Further Reading and References 207 Back Cover 209 VetBooks.ir This book guides readers through the major aspects of veterinary cytology from sample collection, preparation, and staining, to the criteria used to examine the slide and draft a quality cytological report. It provides comprehensive coverage of the cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions encountered in dogs and cats, with a new and schematic approach.