Differential Diagnosis in Neurology (Biomedical and Health Research) (Biomedical and Health Research)

Differential Diagnosis in Neurology grew out of the author's daily morning reports with neurology residents and the examination of patients in front of colleagues over the last 30 years. The essence of 'differential diagnosis' is 'splitting' rather than 'lumping'. It requires bringing knowledge to the table and then adding experience. The book is meant to be a skeleton that will give the clinician a general background with regard to the disease at hand. Molecular genetics, physiology and biochemistry will uncover mechanisms and associations that will further expand differential diagnosis of all neurological disease. It is hoped that the clinician will use this volume as a workbook in which new entities are added or older classifications revised.IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences Title page......Page 3 Preface......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Vascular Disease......Page 13 Ischemic Stroke......Page 15 Venous Strokes......Page 63 Medical Causes of Stroke......Page 66 Cerebral Emboli......Page 108 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy......Page 120 Chronic Small Vessel Disease......Page 125 Hemorrhagic Vascular Disease......Page 127 Epilepsy......Page 159 Introduction......Page 161 Generalized Seizures......Page 162 Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy......Page 168 Partial Seizures......Page 170 Status Epilepticus......Page 182 Pseudoseizure......Page 184 Genetic Aspects of Seizures......Page 185 Unusual Seizures and Concomitant Medical Conditions......Page 191 Differential Diagnosis of Seizure Disorder vs Syncope......Page 194 Anterior Horn Cell Disease that Affects Adult Patients......Page 199 Spinal Muscular Atrophies Linked to Chromosome 5q11.12–13.3......Page 201 Immune Mediated and Genetic Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome......Page 204 Rare Causes of Motor Neuron Disease......Page 207 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 208 Spinal Cord Disease......Page 213 Introduction......Page 215 Congenital Defects of the Spinal Cord......Page 219 Vertebral Column Bony Trauma......Page 223 Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord......Page 227 Spastic Paraparesis......Page 234 Enzyme and Metabolic Disorders Affecting the Spinal Cord......Page 240 Autoimmune Causes of Spinal Cord Dysfunction......Page 242 Infections Affecting the Spinal Cord......Page 245 Tumors of the Spinal Cord......Page 252 Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord......Page 265 Cranial Nerves......Page 273 Cranial Nerve I......Page 275 Cranial Nerve II......Page 276 Cranial Nerve III......Page 296 Cranial Nerve IV......Page 301 Cranial Nerve V......Page 302 Cranial Nerve VI......Page 305 Cranial Nerve VII......Page 306 Cranial Nerve VIII......Page 311 Cranial Nerve IX......Page 320 Cranial Nerve X......Page 322 Cranial Nerve XI......Page 325 Cranial Nerve XII......Page 326 Multiple Cranial Neuropathy......Page 328 Radiculopathy......Page 329 Introduction......Page 331 Disc Disease......Page 332 Cervical Root Disease......Page 337 Thoracic Root Disease......Page 341 Lumbosacral Root Disease L1–L5; S1–S5......Page 344 Epidural and Vertebral Metastasis......Page 346 Differential Diagnosis of Radiculopathy......Page 350 Brachial Plexus......Page 355 Introduction......Page 357 Differential Diagnosis by Plexus Component......Page 358 Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury......Page 359 Differential Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndromes......Page 363 Neoplasms Affecting the Brachial Plexus......Page 366 Unusual Causes of Brachial Plexus Pathology......Page 368 Cervical Plexus......Page 371 Clinical Presentations of C1–C4 Lesions......Page 373 Pharyngeal Plexus......Page 374 Lumbosacral Plexus Lesions......Page 375 Introduction......Page 377 Trauma of the Lumbosacral Plexus......Page 378 Tumors of the Lumbosacral Plexus......Page 379 Medical Causes of Lumbosacral Plexopathy......Page 380 Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage......Page 382 Immune Mediated/Toxic and Anesthetic Causes of Lumbosacral Plexopathy......Page 383 Differential Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy......Page 385 Introduction......Page 387 Acute Predominately Small Fiber Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy......Page 388 Dorsal Root Ganglion Disorders......Page 393 Differential Diagnosis of Symmetric Sensory Polyneuropathies......Page 395 Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies......Page 398 The Neuropathies of Disordered Lipid Metabolism......Page 408 Neuropathies of Disorders of Defective DNA Repair......Page 411 The Neuropathy of Heavy Metals and Industrial Agents......Page 412 Nutrition Associated Neuropathies......Page 428 Immune Mediated Neuropathies......Page 430 Vasculitic Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuropathies Associated with Connective Tissue Disorders......Page 437 Neuropathies Associated with Infection......Page 446 Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 452 Neuropathies Associated with Tumors......Page 455 Neuropathies Associated with Medical Illness......Page 460 Tumors of Peripheral Nerves......Page 465 Traumatic and Compressive Neuropathy......Page 468 Nonvasculitic Ischemic Nerve Injury......Page 488 Differential Diagnosis of Neuropathy by Pathology, Evolution Overtime and Precipitating Cause......Page 491 Differential Diagnosis of Neuropathy by Predominant Symptom, Hereditary or Feature......Page 494 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders......Page 503 Myasthenia Gravis (Acquired and Congenital)......Page 505 Drugs/Toxins that Alter Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 509 Botulism......Page 513 Tetanus......Page 514 Muscle Disease......Page 517 Inherited Myopathies......Page 519 Congenital Myopathies......Page 533 Myotonic Disorders of Muscle......Page 543 Periodic Paralysis......Page 547 Disorders with Continuous Motor Unit Activity (CMUA)......Page 550 Ryanodine-Receptor/Calcium Channel Disease......Page 551 Inflammatory Myopathy......Page 553 Metabolic Muscle Disease......Page 566 Mitochondrial Myopathies......Page 575 Malignant Hyperthermia......Page 590 Rhabdomyolysis and Myoglobinuria......Page 592 Myopathy Caused by Nutritional Deficiency......Page 599 Endocrine Myopathy......Page 607 Cerebellar Disease......Page 615 The Afferent and Efferent Cerebellar Pathways of Clinical Relevance......Page 617 Specific Anatomically Based Cerebellar Syndromes......Page 618 Friedreich’s Ataxia......Page 619 Ataxia Telangiectasis (A-T)......Page 620 Rare AR Cerebellar Ataxias......Page 621 Autosomal Dominant Ataxias......Page 623 Episodic Ataxia (EA1)......Page 625 Rare Dominant Ataxias......Page 626 Mitochondrial Ataxias......Page 627 Metabolic Ataxias......Page 629 Differential Diagnosis of Cerebellar Diseases......Page 630 An Overview of Non-Vascular Cerebellar Disease......Page 631 Infections......Page 634 Differential Diagnosis of Episodic Ataxia......Page 635 Basal Ganglia and Movement Disorders......Page 637 Bradykinetic Disorders......Page 640 Hyperkinetic Disorders......Page 649 Dystonia......Page 661 Myoclonus......Page 664 Tic Disorders......Page 668 Miscellaneous Movement Disorders......Page 669 Differential Diagnosis of Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders......Page 670 The Cerebral Cortex / Behavioral Neurology......Page 673 The Left Frontal Lobe......Page 675 The Parietal Lobe......Page 677 The Temporal Lobe......Page 678 The Occipital Lobe......Page 679 Arousal......Page 681 Memory and Amnesia......Page 683 Aphasia and Apraxia......Page 686 Dementia......Page 693 Introduction......Page 695 Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies......Page 696 Fronto Temporal Dementias (FTDs)......Page 700 Prion Disease......Page 707 Hereditary Dementias......Page 710 Secondary Dementias......Page 714 Adult Lysosomal Disorders with Dementia......Page 719 Peroxisome Single Enzyme Defects of Adolescence and Adulthood......Page 728 Toxic Disorders with Dementia......Page 730 Neoplasms Causing Dementia......Page 732 Vasculitic and Microangiopathic Forms of Dementia......Page 734

Differential Diagnosis in Neurology grew out of the author s daily morning reports with neurology residents and the examination of patients in front of colleagues over the last 30 years. The essence of differential diagnosis is splitting rather than lumping . It requires bringing knowledge to the table and then adding experience. The book is meant to be a skeleton that will give the clinician a general background with regard to the disease at hand. Molecular genetics, physiology and biochemistry will uncover mechanisms and associations that will further expand differential diagnosis of all neurological disease. It is hoped that the clinician will use this volume as a workbook in which new entities are added or older classifications revised.

The essence of 'differential diagnosis' is 'splitting' rather than 'lumping'. It requires bringing knowledge to the table and then adding experience. Based on the author's daily morning reports with neurology residents, this book is meant to be a skeleton that gives the clinician a general background with regard to the disease at hand