Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases [OP]: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series, 916)

Annotation This report examines the science base of the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns and the major nutrition-related chronic diseases. Recommendations are made to help prevent death and disability from major nutrition-related chronic diseases. These population, nutrient-intake, and physical activity goals should contribute in the development of regional strategies and national guidelines to reduce the burden of disease related to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, several forms of cancer, osteoporosis, and dental disease. The recommendations contained in this report are based on the examination and analysis of the best available evidence and the collective judgment of a group of experts from WHO and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Contents......Page 4 1. Introduction......Page 12 Reference......Page 14 2.1 The global burden of chronic diseases......Page 15 2.2 The double burden of diseases in the developing world......Page 19 2.3 An integrated approach to diet-related and nutrition-related diseases......Page 20 References......Page 21 3.1 Introduction......Page 24 3.2 Developments in the availability of dietary energy......Page 25 3.3 Availability and changes in consumption of dietary fat......Page 28 3.4 Availability and changes in consumption of animal products......Page 31 3.5 Availability and consumption of fish......Page 33 3.6 Availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables......Page 34 3.7 Future trends in demand, food availability and consumption......Page 36 3.8 Conclusions......Page 38 References......Page 40 4.1 Introduction......Page 41 4.2.1 Fetal development and the maternal environment......Page 42 4.2.2 Infancy......Page 43 4.2.3 Childhood and adolescence......Page 45 4.2.4 Adulthood......Page 49 4.2.5 Ageing and older people......Page 50 4.3 Interactions between early and later factors throughout the life course......Page 51 4.4 Gene–nutrient interactions and genetic susceptibility......Page 52 4.5 Intervening throughout life......Page 53 References......Page 57 5.1.2 Strength of evidence......Page 65 5.1.3 A summary of population nutrient intake goals......Page 66 References......Page 70 5.2.3 Diet, physical activity and excess weight gain and obesity......Page 72 5.2.4 Strength of evidence......Page 73 5.2.5 General strategies for obesity prevention......Page 78 5.2.6 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 79 References......Page 81 5.3.2 Trends......Page 83 5.3.4 Strength of evidence......Page 84 5.3.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 88 References......Page 89 5.4.4 Strength of evidence......Page 92 5.4.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 98 References......Page 102 5.5.4 Strength of evidence......Page 106 References......Page 112 5.6.2 Trends......Page 116 5.6.3 Diet and dental disease......Page 118 5.6.4 Strength of evidence......Page 127 References......Page 130 5.7.3 Diet, physical activity and osteoporosis......Page 140 5.7.4 Strength of evidence......Page 141 5.7.5 Disease-specific recommendations......Page 142 References......Page 143 6.1 Introduction......Page 145 6.2 Policy principles for the promotion of healthy diets and physical activity......Page 146 6.3.1 Leadership for effective action......Page 147 6.3.2 Effective communication......Page 148 6.3.4 Enabling environments......Page 149 6.4.3 Making the best use of standards and legislation......Page 153 6.5 Call to action......Page 154 Acknowledgements......Page 155 Annex: Summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dental disease and osteoporosis......Page 158 This report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation reviews the evidence on the effects of diet and nutrition on chronic diseases and makes recommendations for public health policies and strategies that encompass societal, behavioural and ecological dimensions. Although the primary aim of the Consultation was to set targets related to diet and nutrition, the importance of physical activity was also emphasized. [Ed.] This report reviews scientific evidence on the effects of diet, nutrition and physical activity on chronic diseases and makes recommendations for public health policies and programmes A Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases met in Geneva from 28 January to 1 February 2002.