Dialect Boundaries and the Question of Franco-Provençal (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica)

The ALF signifies the Atlas linguistique de la France of J. Gilliéron and E. Edmont, 35 fascicules. 1 Symbols of the ALF will be enclosed within square brackets [ ]. Words written in French orthography will be italicized. Latin and Vulgar Latin etyma, written in Latin orthography, will appear in UPPER CASE. The terms 'Northern French' and, when there is no ambiguity, 'French', will be used to refer to the dialects of Northern France. The term 'Provençal' will be used for the dialects of Southern France. This term will never be used in this study to refer to the dialects of the province of Provence alone. Here is the Mode de transcription of the symbols of the ALF as found on page 19 of the Atlas linguistique de la France, Notice servant à l'intelligence des cartes: 2 Les lettres [a, e, i, o, u-b, d, f, j, k, 1, m, n, p, r, t, v, z] ont la même valeur qu'en français. VOYELLES, -[ce] = eu fr.; [υ] = ou fr.; [è] = e du fr. je. Π = voy, ouverte; ['] = voy. fermée; = voy. longue; [ w ] = voy. brève; [~] = voy. nasale; [~] = voy. demi-nasale; [,] = voy. tonique. les voyelles sans signes de quantité ou de qualité sont des sons dont on n'a pu préciser la quantité ou la qualité. CONSONNES, -[e] = eh fr.; [c] = eh de l'ail. Bach; [ç] = de l'ail, ich; [g] = g dur fr.; [h] = aspirée; [J] = / mouillée; [η] = η mouillée; [r] = r voisine de [ê]; [r] = r grasseyée; [r] = r fortement roulée; [s] = s dure fr.; [ç] = th dur angl.; [w] = w angl.; [w] = cons. de naît; [y] = y fr. de .yeux; [z] = th doux angl.; [j, 1, r] = 1,1, r prononcées la langue entre les dents. Les lettres superposées représentent des sons intermédiaires entre les deux sons marquées. Petits caractères = sons incomplets. Thus, the common ALF symbols listed below have the following IPA values : ALF IPA i i é e 3

In spite of the vast literature on modality in English, very little research has been done on modal adverbs as a group. While there are studies of individual adverbs, the semantic and pragmatic relations between them have been left largely unexplored. This book takes a close look at the whole field of modal certainty as expressed by adverbs in English. On the basis of corpus data the most frequent adverbs of certainty, including certainly, indeed, and no doubt, are examined from the point of view of their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics. The corpus used is the International Corpus of English - Great Britain, supplemented by data from other present-day English corpora, and questionnaires testing native speakers' intuitions on fine-grained similarities and differences between closely related adverbs. The methodology also includes the study of cross-linguistic equivalents as indicators of semantic-pragmatic relations between adverbs. Translation corpora yield correspondences in Swedish, Dutch, French and German. A detailed study of those correspondences adds useful information for setting up a semantic-pragmatic profile of each adverb, showing where their meanings overlap and where the boundaries are. The concept of semantic maps is relied on for plotting these relations.

The book not only provides a thorough empirical study of English adverbs expressing certainty, it also contributes to a better theoretical understanding of the complexity of modal certainty, how it is related to speakers' goals and to other semantic areas. It is the first in-depth study of this kind, combining rich information on English as well as opening up perspectives for further empirical and theoretical research into modality.

Acknowledgements List of maps Key to terms and symbols 1. Introduction PART I. HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM Introduction to Part I 2. The Dialect Boundary Controversy 3. Three Investigations of Franco-Provençal Boundaries Orientation Gardette Structural Classifications of Sound Changes Escoffier Lobeck PART II. ISOGLOSSES Introduction to Part II 4. The Three Major Isoglosses 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Stressed Free Vowels 4.2 Intervocalic Stops 4.3 Other Vowels 4.4 Selected Grammatical Traits 4.5 Bundling at Isoglosses 1, 2, and 3. 4.6 Lexicon 4.7 Franco-Provencal Unity 5. Other Isoglosses 5.1 Gascony and the Southwest 5.2 Remaining Isoglosses PART III. HISTORICAL DIVISIONS Introduction to Part III 6. The Substratum-Superstratum Controversy 7. Non-Linguistic Boundaries Agricultural Legal Boundaries Houses and Roofs Bresse History and Boundaries The Franco-Provençal Area Gascony Minor Isogloss Bundles 8. Conclusions Digressions into German and Yiddish Criteria and Boundaries Linguistic Change and Dialect Boundaries The Linguistic Position of Franco-Pro venial Bibliography