Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease: Expert Consult: Online and Print

Comprehensive and up to date, the Second Edition of __Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Disease,__ by Dr. Richard Kradin, is an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of any infectious disease-from the common to the most challenging. The organ-based format makes it an especially useful tool for surgical pathologists’ daily diagnostic and management issues. High-quality, full-color illustrations and differential diagnosis tables accompany each lesion, clearly depicting how to recognize the morphology of organisms and the spectrum of histological responses that they may cause. * **Addresses the most difficult diagnostic issues** that practicing or trainee surgical pathologists face when handling infectious disease tissue specimens. * Highlights morphological characteristics and landmarks of tissue samples for **easy access to information necessary for signing out a specimen.** * Emphasizes the host responses critical in differential diagnosis to **serve as a second opinion** when non-infectious diagnoses mimic and confound the diagnosis of infection. * **Completely revised** with the latest diagnostic support and hot topics in the field: + A new chapter on **novel techniques in microbiology** + A new chapter on **eye infections** + New coverage of **immunohistochemical staining** and other molecular diagnostic techniques + New discussions of **human papillomavirus**, a critical tool in predictive cancer screening + New information on **infections in the immunocompromised host** and related special considerations * **Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase.** This **enhanced eBook experience** allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, videos (including video updates), glossary, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Cover Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease © Dedication Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1 Introduction 2 General Principles in the Diagnosis of Infection Sampling Diagnosing Infection In Situ Potential Limits of Biopsy Interpretation Classification of Patterns of Infection Histochemical Stains Hematoxylin and Eosin Gram Stain Silver Impregnation Fungal Stains Acid-Fast Bacteria Stains Connective Tissue Stains Giemsa Stains Mucicarmine Melanin Stains Viral Inclusion Body Stains Immunohistochemical Methods Molecular Diagnostics In Situ Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction Branch Chain In Situ Hybridization References 3 Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Infection Overview: Biopsy Assessing the Benefit of Invasive Testing Contraindications to Biopsy Approach to the Patient: General Concepts Biopsy in the Immunocompromised Host Timetable of Infection Summary References 4 Cytopathology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Introduction Processing of Cytologic Samples for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Culturing of Fine-Needle Aspirations for Microorganisms Inflammatory Patterns and Associated Pathogens Purulent Inflammatory Response Eosinophils and Allergic Mucin Granulomatous Inflammation Granulomatous Inflammation Admixed With Neutrophils Unusual Host Reactions to Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient Patients With Neutropenia or Defective Neutrophils Severely Impaired Cell-Mediated Immunity and Diffuse Macrophage Infiltration Organisms That Elicit Scanty to No Inflammation in Patients With Impaired Cell-Mediated Immunity Cytodiagnosis of Viral Infections Parasitic Disease in Cytology Conclusion Appendix: Further Information Sample Preparation and Staining for Diagnosis of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Including Pneumocystis Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Induced Sputum Evaluation for Pneumocystis Preparation of Sputum Samples Procedure Reagents Technique Staining. Microwave Modification of Grocott-Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain for Fungi Including Pneumocystis Types of Samples Procedure Reagents General Comments. Technique Results. Problems. References 5 Ultrastructural Diagnosis of Infection Introduction Electron Microscopy Technique Prions Viral Infections Herpesvirus Varicella Virus Adenovirus Influenza Paramyxovirus Smallpox Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Parvovirus B19 Enterovirus Viral Gastroenteritis Polyomaviruses Rabies Virus Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ebola Virus Zika Virus Bacterial Infections Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Mycobacteria Other Important Bacteria Tropheryma whippeli Chlamydia trachomatis Helicobacter pylori Legionella pneumophila Fungal Infections Histoplasma capsulatum Pneumocystis jiroveci Parasitic Infections Acanthamoeba Toxoplasma gondii Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Cystoisospora belli Microsporidia Trypanosoma cruzi References 6 New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Infection Protein-Based Identification Nucleic Acid–Based Techniques Probe-Based Assays Singleplex or Limited Target Assays Multiplexed Systems Platforms and Technologies FilmArray (BioFire/BioMérieux) BD Max (BD Diagnostics) Luminex Verigene xTAG Sequencing of Ribosomal RNA for Pathogen Identification Next-Generation Sequencing Conclusion References 7 Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections Bacterial Rhinosinusitis Otitis Media Tonsillitis Peritonsillar Abscess Rhinoscleroma Actinomycosis Botryomycosis Syphilis Tuberculosis Leprosy Oral Candidosis Fungal Rhinosinusitis Paracoccidioidomycosis Sporotrichosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Rhinosporidiosis Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Epstein-Barr Virus Herpes Simplex Virus Human Papillomavirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mumps References 8 Pathology of Pulmonary Infection Introduction Approach to Sampling for Infection Transbronchial Biopsy Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Biopsy Video-Assisted and Open Thoracoscopic Biopsy Handling Lung Biopsies Pulmonary Injury in Infection Pulmonary Host Response Anatomy of Pulmonary Defense Pulmonary Defenses Patterns of Lung Injury Due to Infection Tracheobronchitis/Bronchiolitis and Miliary Infection Diffuse Alveolar Damage RNA Viruses Influenza Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Respiratory Syncytial Virus Parainfluenza Measles DNA Viruses Adenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Varicella Zoster Hantavirus Other Atypical Pneumonias Mycoplasma Pneumonia Epstein-Barr Virus Pneumocystis jiroveci Bronchiectasis Acute Bronchopneumonia Bacterial Infections Pneumococcal Pneumonia Group A Streptococci Staphylococcus aureus Gram-Negative Bacteria Klebsiella. Lung Abscess Due to Oropharyngeal Aspiration Actinomycosis Nocardia Legionella Rhodococcus equi Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple Disease) Granulomatous Pneumonia Mycobacterial Infection Spectrum of Pulmonary Tuberculous Infection Reactivation Tuberculosis Atypical Mycobacteria Melioidosis Fungal Infection Due to Yeasts Histoplasmosis Blastomyces Cryptococcus Coccidioides immitis Paracoccidioides Candida Spp. Hyphate Fungi Aspergillus Spp. Immune Disorders Due to Aspergillus Infection. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis. Bronchocentric Granulomatosis. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Aspergillus Bronchitis and Chronic Necrotizing Aspergillosis. Fungus Balls. Angioinvasive Aspergillosis. Other Aspergillus Species. Other Hyphate Fungi Pseudeallescheria (Scedosporium). Fusarium. Differential Diagnosis Dematiaceous (Pigmented) Fungi Penicillium marneffei Parasites Protozoa Ameba. Toxoplasma. Cryptosporidium. Microsporidia. Nematodes (Round Worms) Dirofilaria. Trematodes (Flukes) Paragonimiasis. Cestodes (Tapeworms) Microbes Associated With Bioterrorism Anthrax Yersinia pestis (Plague Pneumonia) Francisella tularensis (Tularemia Pneumonia) Pleural Infection References 9 Cardiac Infections Introduction Pathology of Infective Endocarditis Cardiac Valves Infective Endocarditis Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis Hemodynamic Factors That Predispose to Development of Infectious Endocarditis The Microbiology of Infective Endocarditis Gross Pathology of Infective Endocarditis Microscopic Pathology of Infective Endocarditis Demonstrating Microorganisms In Situ. Complications of Infective Endocarditis Embolic Complications. Immune Complex Disease. Lesions That Mimic Infective Endocarditis Infectious Aneurysms Pathology of Myocarditis Etiology of Myocarditis Diagnosis of Myocarditis Viral Myocarditis Pathogenesis of Viral Myocarditis Bacterial Myocarditis Parasitic Infections Fungal Myocarditis Noninfectious Causes of Myocarditis Giant Cell Myocarditis Necrotizing Eosinophilic Myocarditis Drug-Induced Myocarditis Hypersensitivity Myocarditis. Toxic Myocarditis. Other Inflammatory Forms of Drug-Related Myocarditis. Myocarditis Associated With Systemic Disorders Sarcoidosis Other Systemic Disorders Complications and Natural History of Myocarditis Pathology of Pericarditis Normal Pericardium Etiology of Pericarditis Constrictive Chronic Pericarditis References 10 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract Infections of the Esophagus Bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fungi Candidiasis Aspergillosis Other Fungal Infections Viruses Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Cytomegalovirus Other Viral Infections Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections of the Stomach Viruses Cytomegalovirus Bacteria Acute Suppurative Gastritis and Emphysematous Gastritis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Actinomycosis Syphilis Fungi Parasites Helicobacter pylori—Associated Chronic Gastritis Infections of the Small Bowel Bacteria Escherichia coli Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Salmonella Vibrio Clostridium Yersinia Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Whipple Disease (Tropheryma whipplei) Tropical Sprue Fungi Candida Emmonsia spp. Viruses Enteric Virus Infections Norovirus Cytomegalovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Related Enteropathy Protozoa Flagellates Coccidians Helminths Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostomiasis (Hookworm) Strongyloides stercoralis Capillaria philippinensis (Intestinal Capillariasis) Trematodes Fasciolopsis buski (Intestinal Fluke) Cestodes Infectious Colitis Bacteria Common Histologic Features of Bacterial (Invasive) Colitis Histologic Features Associated With Bacterial Infection Escherichia coli. Aeromonas. Campylobacter. Shigella. Salmonella. Clostridium difficile. Yersinia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Intestinal Spirochetosis. Viruses Protozoa Amebiasis Coccidia Other Protozoan Infections Helminths Fungi Sexually Transmitted Diseases Lymphogranuloma Venereum References 11 Liver and Bile Duct Infections Viral Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Virology of Hepatitis B Virus Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Virus Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Histopathology of Hepatitis B Virus Immunohistochemistry of Hepatitis B Virus Management of Hepatitis B Virus Viral Mutants of Hepatitis B Virus Precore and Core Gene Mutations. Surface Gene Mutations. Polymerase Gene Mutations. Posttransplantation Hepatitis B Coinfection With Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hepatitis C Virology of Hepatitis C Virus Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Histopathology of Hepatitis C Virus Management of Hepatitis C Virus Posttransplantation Hepatitis C Coinfection With Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hepatitis D Hepatitis E George Barker Virus Type C (Hepatitis G) Epstein-Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Varicella Zoster Virus Adenovirus Parvovirus B19 Rubella (German Measles) Rubeola (Measles) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Yellow Fever Dengue Rift Valley Fever Lassa Fever Ebola Virus Marburg Virus Mycobacterial Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Leprosy Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Other Bacterial Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Pyogenic Liver Abscess Acute Cholangitis Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis (Oriental Cholangiohepatitis) Brucellosis Bartonella Infection (Cat-Scratch Disease) Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever) Tularemia Melioidosis Listeriosis Spirochetes Syphilis Leptospirosis Lyme Disease Rickettsia Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Boutonneuse Fever/Mediterranean Spotted Fever Fungal Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Histoplasma Candida Pneumocystis jiroveci Aspergillus Mucormycetes/Zygomycetes Penicilliosis Cryptococcosis Coccidioidomycosis Blastomycosis Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis) Microsporidiosis Helminth Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Schistosomiasis Strongyloides Enterobiasis (Pinworm) Echinococcosis Toxocara Capillariasis Fascioliasis Clonorchiasis Ascariasis Protozoal Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct Amebiasis Malaria Leishmania Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis References 12 Infectious Lymphadenitis Lymphadenitis of Viral or Possible Viral Etiology Epstein-Barr Virus/Infectious Mononucleosis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Cytomegaloviral Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Pathologic Findings Differential Diagnosis Herpes Simplex Viral Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Lymphadenopathy Clinical Features Pathologic Features Measles Lymphadenitis Human Herpesvirus 6–Associated Lymphadenitis Kawasaki Disease Clinical Features Pathologic Features Kikuchi Disease Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Bacterial Lymphadenitis Pyogenic Bacterial Lymphadenitis Cat-Scratch Disease Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Syphilitic Lymphadenitis Brucellosis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Immunocompromised Patients Differential Diagnosis Bacille Calmette-Guérin Lymphadenitis Clinical Features. Pathologic Features. Whipple Disease Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Chronic Granulomatous Disease Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Fungal Lymphadenitis Protozoal Lymphadenitis Toxoplasmosis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Leishmania Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Pneumocystis jiroveci Lymphadenitis Clinical Features Pathologic Features Filarial Infections Clinical Features Pathologic Features Castleman Disease Multicentric Castleman Disease Plasmablastic Castleman Disease (Human Herpesvirus 8–Positive Multicentric Castleman Disease) Differential Diagnosis References 13 Infectious Diseases of the Bone Marrow and Spleen Patterns of Bone Marrow Response to Infections Hyperplasia Hypoplasia Serous Atrophy (Gelatinous Transformation) Morphologic Dysplasia Lymphoid Aggregates Granulomas Plasmacytosis Hemophagocytosis Bone Marrow Features of Specific Infections Parvovirus B19 Infection Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Cytomegalovirus Infection Brucellosis Rickettsial Infections Leishmaniasis Pneumocystis Fungal Infections Infections Involving the Spleen Diffuse Red Pulp Reactions to Infection White Pulp Reactions to Infection Mass-Forming and Cystic Splenic Infections References 14 Infection of Bone Pathophysiology Bacterial Osteomyelitis Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Hematogenous Spread Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Contiguous Spread Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Direct Inoculation Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis Lepromatous Osteomyelitis Treponemal Osteomyelitis Skeletal Syphilis Yaws Bone Infection Fungal Osteomyelitis Candida Osteomyelitis Aspergillus Osteomyelitis Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis Sporotrichosis Osteomyelitis Coccidiomycosis Osteomyelitis Paracoccidioidomycosis Osteomyelitis Histoplasmosis Osteomyelitis Blastomycosis Osteomyelitis Mycetoma Helminth Osteomyelitis Echinococcal Osteomyelitis Viral Osteomyelitis Variola Osteomyelitis Rubella Osteomyelitis Other Types of Viral Bone Infection Differential Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis References 15 Infections of Joints, Synovium-Lined Structures, and Soft Tissue Bacterial Arthritis Gonococcal Arthritis Meningococcal Arthritis Lyme Arthritis (Borreliosis) Tuberculous Mycobacterial Arthritis Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Arthritis Fungal Arthritis Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Coccidioidomycosis Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis Aspergillosis Mycetoma Viral Arthritis Parvovirus B19 Rubella Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Alphavirus Reactive Arthritis Acute Rheumatic Fever Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis Soft Tissue Infections Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections Gas Gangrene Nonnecrotizing Cellulitis Myositis Pyomyositis Psoas Abscess Bacterial Myositis Fungal Myositis Parasitic Soft Tissue Infection Viral Myositis Other Unusual Soft Tissue Infections Mycetoma Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis Protothecosis Emerging Nosocomial Fungal Infections Surgical Site Infections Soft Tissue Infection After Military Trauma References 16 Genitourinary Infectious Disease Pathology Genitourinary Cutaneous Infections Bacterial Infections Hidradenitis Suppurativa Fournier Gangrene Pseudomonal Cellulitis (Ecthyma Gangrenosum) Mycobacterial Disease Syphilis Chancroid Lymphogranuloma Venereum Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis) Fungal Infections Dermatophytosis Pityriasis Versicolor (Tinea Versicolor) Candidiasis Viral Infections Molluscum Contagiosum Herpetic Infections Human Papillomavirus Parasitic Infections Schistosomiasis Scabies and Lice Kidney Infections Acute Interstitial Nephritis Acute Pyelonephritis Focal Bacterial Nephritis (Lobar Nephronia) Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Chronic Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Malakoplakia Megalocytic Interstitial Nephritis Transplant-Related Renal Infections BK Nephropathy Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder Other Infections Mycobacterial Infections Fungal Infections Syphilis Filamentous Bacteria: Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis Rickettsia Leptospirosis Parasitic Infections Malaria. Schistosomiasis. Hydatidosis. Renal Glomerular Disease Caused by Infection Postinfectious (Poststreptococcal) Glomerulonephritis. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis. Bladder Infections Bacterial Cystitis Fungal Cystitis Viral Infections Herpes Simplex Virus Cytomegalovirus BK Polyomavirus Human Papillomavirus Parasitic Infections Schistosomiasis Trichomoniasis Special Bladder Conditions With an Infectious Association Malakoplakia Encrusted Cystitis Emphysematous Cystitis Infections of the Urethra Infections of the Male Genitourinary System Prostate Epididymis Testis Bacterial Mycobacterial Fungal Viral Mumps. Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Other Diseases Penis and Scrotum Bacterial Infection Fungal Infection Parasitic Infection Viral Infection References 17 Gynecologic Infections Lower Genital Tract Vulva and Vagina Viral Infections Bacterial Infections Fungal Infections Parasitic Infections Larval Infestations Noninfectious Lesions in the Differential Diagnosis of Vulvar and Vaginal Infections Cervix and Vagina Normal Cervical and Vaginal Flora Cervicitis and Vaginitis Common Causes of Symptomatic Cervicitis and Vaginitis. Uncommon Causes of Cervicitis and Vaginitis. Cervical and Vaginal Infections Causing Scant Inflammation Noninfectious Lesions Mimicking Infections Upper Genital Tract Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Endometrium Endometritis Granulomatous Endometritis Fallopian Tube and Ovary Acute Salpingitis Chronic Salpingitis Granulomatous Salpingitis and Oophoritis Tubo-ovarian Abscess References 18 Perinatal Infections Ascending Infections Hematogenously Spread Infections Specific Infectious Organisms Bacterial Infections Group B Streptococci/Streptococcus agalactiae Fusobacterium Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fungal Infections Candida Parasitic Infections Plasmodium falciparum Schistosomiasis Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma cruzi Mycoplasmal and Ureaplasmal Infections Syphilis Viral Infections Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Papillomavirus Parvovirus Rubella Rubeola Varicella Zika Virus Pregnancy-Associated Uterine Infections Fetal and Congenital Infections References 19 Infections of the Nervous System Introduction Acute Inflammatory Response Infectious Bacterial Meningitis. Abscess. Viral Herpes Simplex Virus. Varicella Zoster Virus. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus. Protozoal Toxoplasmosis. Fungal Aspergillus. Mucor. Amebic Noninfectious Infarct Chronic Inflammatory Response Infectious Bacterial Syphilis. Viral West Nile Virus. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Cytomegalovirus. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. Fungal Candida. Helminthic Cysticercosis. Rickettsial Noninfectious Vasculitis Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Lymphoma Extramedullary Plasmacytoma Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Germinoma Granulomatous or Predominantly Histiocytic Inflammatory Pattern Infectious Etiologies Bacteria Tuberculosis. Whipple Disease. Cerebral Syphilitic Gummas. Fungal Dimorphic Fungi. Parasitic Schistosomiasis. Noninfectious Etiologies Demyelination Rosai-Dorfman Disease Meningiomas With Dense Lymphoplasmacytic Response Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Sarcoidosis Rheumatoid Meningitis Granulomatous Hypophysitis Foreign Body Minimal or No Inflammatory Response Fungi Cryptococcus Hyphal Organisms in the Immunocompromised Host Viruses Zika Virus Rabies Prions Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease References 20 Skin Infections Diagnostic Approach to Cutaneous Infections Bacterial Infections of the Skin Reaction Patterns Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria Impetigo Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Toxic Shock Syndrome Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Ecthyma Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Ecthyma Gangrenosum Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Erysipelas Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Erysipeloid Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Cellulitis, Including Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Necrotizing Fasciitis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Pyoderma Vegetans (Blastomycosis-like Pyoderma) Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Anthrax Clinical Features. Histopathology. Corynebacterial Infections Diphtheria Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Erythrasma Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Trichobacteriosis (Trichomycosis) Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Pitted Keratolysis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Cutaneous Nocardiosis and Actinomycosis Nocardiosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Actinomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Neisserial Infections Meningococcal Infection Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Gonococcal Infection Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Miscellaneous Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria Brucellosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Yersiniosis and Plague Clinical Features. Histopathology. Tularemia Clinical Features. Histopathology. Granuloma Inguinale Clinical Features. Histopathology. Rhinoscleroma Clinical Features. Histopathology. Chancroid Clinical Features. Histopathology. Malacoplakia Clinical Features. Histopathology. Botryomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mycobacterial Infections Tuberculosis Primary Inoculation, Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis, and Milliary Tuberculosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Cutis Orificialis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Lupus Vulgaris, Scrofuloderma, and Tuberculous Gumma Clinical Features. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Atypical Mycobacterial Infections Mycobacterium kansasii Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mycobacterium marinum Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mycobacterium ulcerans Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonei Clinical Features. Histopathology. Leprosy or Hansen Disease Clinical Features. Types of Reactional Leprosy. Clinical Pathologic Correlation Early Indeterminate Leprosy. Lepromatous Leprosy. Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy. Mid-Borderline Leprosy. Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy. Tuberculoid Leprosy. Reactions in Leprosy. Treponemal Diseases Venereal Syphilis Primary and Secondary Syphilis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Yaws Clinical Features. Histopathology. Pinta Clinical Features. Histopathology. Endemic Syphilis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Borrelioses Lyme Disease Clinical Features. Histopathology. Infections Caused by Organisms From the Bartonella Genus Cat-Scratch Disease Clinical Features. Histopathology. Bacillary Angiomatosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Carrión Disease Clinical Features. Histopathology. Rickettsia and Rickettsia-Like Organisms Spotted Fever Group Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Other Rickettsia Species From the Spotted Fever Group. Typhus Group Clinical Features. Histopathology. Rickettsia-Like Organisms Scrub Typhus. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Q Fever. Chlamydial Infections Lymphogranuloma Venereum Clinical Features. Histopathology. Viral Infections of the Skin Papillomaviridae Verruca Vulgaris and Palmoplantar Warts Clinical Features. Histopathology. Verruca Plana Clinical Features. Histopathology. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Condyloma Acuminatum and Giant Condyloma Acuminatum of Buschke-Löwenstein Clinical Features. Histopathology. Bowenoid Papulosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Herpesviridae Herpes Simplex Clinical Features. Eczema Herpeticum. Herpetic Folliculitis. Herpetic Whitlow. Hyperplastic (Verrucous) Herpes. Congenital Herpes Simplex Infection. Disseminated Herpes Simplex Virus Infection of the Immunocompromised. Histopathology. Varicella and Herpes Zoster Varicella. Clinical Features. Herpes Zoster. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Cytomegalovirus Clinical Features. Histopathology. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 Human Herpesvirus 6. Human Herpesvirus 7. Epstein-Barr Virus Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Clinical Features. Histopathology. Infectious Mononucleosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Other EBV-Related Dermatoses. EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders Affecting the Skin. Human Herpesviruses 8, Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus Clinical Features. Histopathology. Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus Variola (Smallpox). Clinical Features. Vaccinia Virus. Clinical Features. Cowpox Virus. Clinical Features. Monkeypox Virus. Clinical Features. Histopathology of Cutaneous Orthopoxvirus Infections. Parapoxvirus Paravaccinia (Milker’s Nodule). Clinical Features. Orf (Ecthyma Contagiosum). Clinical Features. Histopathology of Cutaneous Parapoxvirus Infections. Molluscipoxvirus Molluscum Contagiosum. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19 Clinical Features. The Gloves-and-Socks Syndrome. Erythema Infectiosum of Infancy. Histopathology. Polyomaviridae Merkel Cell Carcinoma–Associated Polyomavirus Clinical Features. Histopathology. Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Clinical Features. Histopathology. Infection With Human Polyomavirus 7 Clinical Features. Histopathology. Picornaviridae Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Clinical Features. Histopathology. Paramyxoviridae Measles Virus Clinical Features. Histopathology. Retroviridae Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV-Related Dermatoses. HIV Seroconversion-Related Rash. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. Pruritic Papular Eruption of HIV. Eosinophilic Folliculitis. Seborrheic Dermatitis. Fungal Skin Infections Superficial Mycoses Pityriasis Versicolor Clinical Features. Histopathology. Pityrosporum Folliculitis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Tinea Nigra Clinical Features. Histopathology. White Piedra and Trichosporonosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Black Piedra Clinical Features. Histopathology. Dermatophytoses Clinical Types Tinea Barbae. Tinea Capitis (Scalp Ringworm). Kerion Celsi. Tinea Favosa. Tinea Corporis. Tinea Cruris. Tinea Imbricata (Tokelau). Tinea Manuum. Tinea Pedis (Foot Ringworm, Athlete’s Foot). Tinea Unguium. Majocchi Granuloma. Immunology. Histopathology. Candidosis Clinical Types Oral Infections. Genital Infections. Cutaneous Infections. Candida Onychomycosis. Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis. Neonatal Candidiasis. Infantile Gluteal Granuloma. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis. Disseminated or Systemic Candidiasis. Histopathology. Etiology and Pathogenesis. Deep or Systemic Mycoses Blastomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Other Diagnostic Techniques. Coccidioidomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Paracoccidioidomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Histoplasmosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. African Histoplasmosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Cryptococcosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Penicilliosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Sporotrichosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Other Diagnostic Techniques. Lobomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Phaeohyphomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Chromoblastomycosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Eumycetoma Clinical Features. Histopathology. Hyalohyphomycoses Aspergillus. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Fusarium. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Zygomycosis. Mucormycosis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Entomophthoramycosis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Infections Caused by Algae Protothecosis Clinical Features Histopathology Protozoal Infections Rhinosporidiosis Clinical Features Histopathology Amebic Infections Cutaneous Amebiasis Entamoeba histiolytica. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Acanthamoeba spp. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Infections Caused by Flagellates The Trypanosomiases African Trypanosomiasis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. American Trypanosomiasis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Leishmaniasis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Visceral Leishmaniasis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Helminth Infestations Trematodes Schistosomiasis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Cestodes Cysticercosis Sparganosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Echinococcosis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Nematodes Onchocerciasis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Dirofilariasis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Cutaneous Larva Migrans and Larva Currens Clinical Features. Histopathology. Arthropod-Induced Diseases Arachnids Scorpions Clinical and Histopathologic Features. Spiders Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus). Brown Recluse (Loxosceles). Other Important Spider Species. Histopathology. Ticks Clinical Features. Histopathology. Mites Demodicosis. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Scabies. Clinical Features. Histopathology. Insects Human Lice Clinical Features. Histopathology. Bed Bugs Clinical Features. Histopathology. Myiasis Clinical Features. Histopathology. Tungiasis Clinical Features. Histopathology. References 21 Infections of the Eye and Its Adnexa Masquerade Syndromes Chalazion Sebaceous Carcinoma Intraocular Lymphoma, Leukemia, and Behçet Disease With Hypopyon Necrotic Intraocular Tumor General Principles In The Diagnosis Of Infection / Richard L. Kradin, Vikram Deshpande, And A. John Iafrate -- The Biopsy In The Diagnosis Of Infection: Clinical Approach / Jay A. Fishman -- Cytopathology Of Infectious And Inflammatory Diseases / Vicki J. Schnadig -- Ultrastructural Diagnosis Of Infection / Alton B. Farris Iii, Martin K. Selig, And G. Petur Nielsen -- New Technologies For The Diagnosis Of Infection / Nicole Pecora And Danny A. Milner, Jr. -- Ear, Nose, And Throat Infections / Matthew M. Johnson -- Pathology Of Pulmonary Infection / Richard L. Kradin And Eugene J. Mark -- Cardiac Infections / Richard L. Kradin And H. Thomas Aretz -- Infections Of The Gastrointestinal Tract / Gregory Y. Lauwers, Mari Mino-kenudson, And Richard L. Kradin -- Liver And Bile Duct Infections / Ricard Masia And Joseph Misdraji -- Infectious Lymphadenitis / Judith A. Ferry -- Infectious Diseases Of The Bone Marrow And Spleen / Robert P. Hasserjian And Lawrence Zukerberg -- Infection Of Bone / Andrew E. Rosenberg, Susan V. Kattapuram, And G. Petur Nielsen -- Infections Of Joints, Synovium-lined Structures, And Soft Tissue / Elizabeth G. Demicco, Susan V. Kattapuram, Richard L. Kradin, And Andrew E. Rosenberg -- Genitourinary Infectious Disease Pathology / Alton B. Farris Iii And G. Petur Nielsen -- Gynecologic Infections / Rosemary Tambouret -- Perinatal Infections / Drucilla J. Roberts -- Infections Of The Nervous System / Sandra Camelo-piragua And E. Tessa Hedley-whyte -- Skin Infections / Carlos N. Prieto-granada, Alice Z.c. Lobo, And Martin C. Mihm, Jr. -- Infections Of The Eye And Its Adnexa / Anna M. Stagner, Frederick A. Jakobiec, Ralph C. Eagle, Jr., And Norman C. Charles. [edited By] Richard L. Kradin. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.