Diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury : the neuroscience of spinal cord injury

9780323995764_WEB01 Front Cover Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: The Neuroscience of Spinal Cord Injury Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors Preface Section A: Setting the scene: Introductory chapters Chapter 1: Traumatic spinal cord injury and outcomes in low-resource settings Introduction Epidemiology Sex and age Etiology Falls Road traffic injuries Violence and other causes Spinal cord level and severity Diagnosis Prehospital and acute management Treatment strategies Post-acute medical care and rehabilitation Applications to other areas of neuroscience Key facts of global traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology and etiology Summary points References Chapter 2: Biomechanics and patterns of spine injuries associated with spinal cord injury Introduction Pathogenesis of TSCI: The critical role of spine biomechanics Patterns of spine injuries associated with spinal cord injuries Traumatic spinal cord injury in a stable spine Traumatic spinal cord injury in an unstable spine Cervical spine injuries (C0-C7) Upper cervical spine injuries (C0-C2) Subaxial cervical spine injuries (C3-C7) Thoracic spine injuries (T1-T10) Thoracolumbar spine injuries (T11-L2) Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts Summary points References Chapter 3: Body, action, and space representations in people affected by spinal cord injuries Introduction The neuroplasticity following SCI and the networks involved in the body, space, and action representations The body representations The action representation The space representation The effects of rehabilitation on the body, action, and space representations Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of neuroplasticity following spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 4: Methods for treating pain and painful syndromes in spinal cord injury: Medications, therapies, interventions, ... Introduction Application to other areas of neuroscience Main narrative text Physical therapy and exercise Medications ``Typical´´ nociceptive pain interventions Neuromodulation Spinal cord stimulation in SCI Other forms of neuromodulation Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of pain after SCI Summary points References Section B: Clinical features of spinal injury Chapter 5: Factors contributing to pressure injuries in traumatic spinal cord injury Introduction Pathophysiology of pressure injuries Pressure and shear Tissue tolerance Prevalence, impact, and cost of pressure injuries in patients with SCI Most common locations and severity Impact Cost Structural and physiological changes following SCI Skin Muscle and bone Macro- and micro-vasculature Inflammation and immune function Temperature Sensory impairments Risk assessment tools Risk factors associated with pressure injuries in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury Non-modifiable factors Patient characteristics Injury characteristics and associated conditions Comorbidities Modifiable factors Lifestyle habits, medication, and psychological factors Patient management and care Prevention strategies and patient compliance Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of pressure injuries Summary points References Chapter 6: Venous thromboembolism in spinal cord injury-Prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment Introduction Epidemiology Screening Prophylaxis Acute phase Sub-acute and chronic phase Non-pharmacological methods Diagnosis D-dimer Lower limb ultrasonography Lower limb venography CT pulmonary angiography Treatment Initial management Anti-coagulation after initial management Special situations Outpatient management Duration of anti-coagulation Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of venous thromboembolism in spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 7: Osteoporosis-related fractures: What they are and how they occur following spinal cord injury Introduction Physiopathology Fractures Risk factors Diagnosis Laboratory Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Quantitative computed tomography Treatment Pharmacologic therapy Rehabilitation/non-pharmacological therapy Standing and walking Electrical stimulation Physical activity Vibration Ultrasound Combined treatments Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury Key facts of fragility fractures after spinal cord injury Key facts of diagnosis of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury Key facts of treatment for osteoporosis-related fractures after spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 8: Understanding the effects of prolonged cervical spinal cord compression on the brain. Current knowledge and fu ... Introduction Cervical spine compression causes brain atrophy Cervical spine compression causes neural plasticity to preserve function Cervical spine compression changes the functional connectivity of the brain Cervical spine compression also damages the brain WM Conclusion and future perspectives Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of spinal cord compression Key facts of advanced MRI techniques Summary points of cervical spine compression References Chapter 9: Spasticity in spinal cord injury Introduction Pathophysiology of spasticity Manifestations of spasticity in spinal injuries Assessment of spasticity and its consequences Tone measurement Assessment of dynamic phenomena Functional assessment Subjective evaluation Other types of assessment Treatment of spasticity Treatment indications Modalities of treatment in spinal injury Outcome measures after treatment Management protocol for spasticity in spinal cord injury Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of ``diagnosis of spasticity in spinal cord injury´´ Key facts of ``treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury´´ Summary points References Chapter 10: Fall circumstances, consequences, assessments, and interventions to manage fall risk among individuals living ... Introduction Fall frequency Recurrent falls Fall circumstances Biological risk factors Behavioral risk factors Environmental risk factors Social and economic Consequences of falls Physical consequences of falls Psychosocial consequences of falls Fear of falling Negative feelings and decreased community participation Societal consequences of falls Assessment of fall risk Assessment among ambulatory people with SCI Assessment among nonambulatory people with SCI Assessing fear of falling Intervention program to manage fall risk Application to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of fall frequency and fall circumstances Key facts of consequences of falls Summary points References Chapter 11: Infections and spinal cord injury: Covid-19 and beyond Introduction Immunosuppression due to spinal cord injury Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury-induced immunodepression Dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Leading infection diseases in spinal cord-injured patients Urinary tract infections (UTI) Physiopathology and etiology Diagnosis Treatment and prevention Pulmonary infections (PI) Physiopathology and etiology Diagnosis Treatment and prevention COVID-19 disease: A new infectious normality in spinal cord-injured patients? Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of ``infections and spinal cord injury: Covid-19 and beyond´´ Key facts of ``immunosuppression due to spinal cord injury´´ Key facts of ``Leading infection diseases in spinal cord-injured patients´´ Key facts of ``Covid-19 disease´´ Summary points References Chapter 12: Sleep problems in spinal cord injury Introduction Sleep-disordered breathing Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after tetraplegia Sleep-disordered breathing is an acute and direct consequence of cervical SCI Sleep-disordered breathing after tetraplegia has clinically important impacts Why do people with tetraplegia have sleep-disordered breathing, predominantly obstructive sleep apnea? Clinical management of sleep-disordered breathing in people with SCI How does SCI alter the circadian rhythm? Periodic leg movements of sleep in SCI Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of sleep Summary points References Further reading Section C: Diagnosis and evaluation Chapter 13: Biomarkers in spinal cord injury: A highlight on prognostic insights Introduction Pathophysiology of SCI Biomarkers of SCI SCI in the acute stage SCI in the sub-acute stage SCI in the chronic stage microRNAs as biomarkers Exosomes Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of biomarkers spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 14: Quality of life tools for spinal cord-injured people Introduction Definitions: Quality of life and health-related quality of life Implementation in the study of quality of life in people with spinal cord injury Databases Integrative quality of life assessment instruments Health-related quality of life assessment instruments for conditions resulting from spinal cord injury Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Dictionary of terms Key facts of measuring quality of life in sci people Summary References Chapter 15: S100b in spinal cord injury Introduction S100b characteristics S100b and CNS pathology Biomarkers in SCI S100b and SCI Limitations and perspectives Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of calcium-binding proteins Summary points References Chapter 16: Assessment of postural control after spinal cord injury or disease: A narrative review Introduction Chapter objectives Comprehensive assessment of postural control Current state of postural control assessment in clinical settings Instrumented assessments of postural control Individualized and comprehensive assessment of postural control after SCI/D Wheelchair users: Assessment of postural control Stage 0 Stages 0.5 and 1A Stages 1B, 1C, and 2A Part-time ambulators: Assessment of postural control Full-time ambulators: Assessment of postural control Summary Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of postural control Summary points References Section D: Treatments: Experimental and clinical Chapter 17: Surgical management of acute spinal cord injury in emergency setting Introduction Natural history of patients with acute cervical SCI Natural history of patients with thoracic or thoracolumbar SCI Surgical procedures How to define early versus late surgery post SCI? Which is the most efficacious threshold? Ultra-early threshold (8-12h post SCI) Early threshold (24h post SCI) Late threshold (48-72h post SCI) What threshold is feasible? Does ESD offers the same benefit for all acute SCI? Complete versus incomplete SCI Effects of ESD on different neurological level of injury Effect of SD in patients with cervical SCI Effect of SD in patients with thoracic and thoracolumbar SCI Effect of SD on miscellaneous SCI The special case of Central Cord Syndrome Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of surgical treatment of spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 18: Spinal cord epidural stimulation for autonomic nervous system control: A focus on improving bladder, bowel, a ... Introduction Bladder dysfunction after SCI Bowel dysfunction after SCI Cardiovascular dysfunction and interactions with other autonomic systems after SCI Introduction of spinal cord stimulation Neuromodulation to improve bladder function Neuromodulation to improve bowel function Neuromodulation to improve cardiovascular function Future directions with scES and applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of autonomic dysfunction after SCI Key facts of scES after SCI Summary points References Chapter 19: Treating spinal cord injury with implanted spinal cord stimulators Introduction Spinal cord injury Treatments for SCI Spinal cord stimulation Principles of SCS Functional rehabilitation with SCS Spinal cord stimulators Current spinal cord stimulators Surgical implantation of neurostimulators Significance of SCS Current limitations of the neurostimulators Advanced neurostimulators Prospects of the stimulation for spinal cord injury rehabilitation Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 20: Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury Introduction Characteristics of neurogenic bowel in spinal cord injury Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Assessment scales Conservative treatment of the neurogenic bowel General recommendations Diet Physical exercise Abdominal massage Mechanical techniques to ease bowel movements Pharmacological treatment Rectal laxatives Oral laxatives Prokinetics Other drugs Bowel program Anorectal biofeedback Transanal irrigation Surgical treatment of the neurogenic bowel Electrical stimulation Antegrade continence enema Colostomy and ileostomy Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Dictionary of terms Key facts of neurogenic bowel dysfunction Summary points References Chapter 21: Management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to spinal cord injury Introduction Physiology of storage and emptying Pathophysiology of NLUTD due to SCI Classification of NLUTD due to SCI Association between neurological level of SCI and NLUTD Elderly SCI Overview of management of patients with NLUTD due to SCI Clinical outcomes of management of NLUTD Pathway of NLUTD management Basic and optional assessments Urinary management (Table 3) Urinary management during acute phase Urinary management during chronic phase CIC Voiding Indwelling catheterization Pharmacological treatment To facilitate urine storage To facilitate bladder emptying Assessment of clinical outcomes (periodic follow-up) Proposal for follow-up protocol Proposal for repeated urodynamic study Proposal for surveillance for bladder cancer Surgical treatment Transurethral intra-detrusor injection of type A botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) Other surgical treatments AC Anti-incontinence surgery Urinary diversion Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) Sacral anterior root stimulation (SARS) Transurethral sphincterotomy and others Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of catheters for clean intermittent catheterization Summary points References Chapter 22: Bed support surfaces for preventing pressure injuries after spinal cord injury Introduction Pressure injuries (PI): Definition, epidemiology and impacts Pathogenesis of pressure injuries following spinal cord injury Support surfaces: An approach for prevention and treatment of pressure injuries Biomechanical properties of support surfaces during loading Main configurations and classification of support surfaces Reactive support surfaces Non-powered reactive support surface Foam Gel Air-filled Powered reactive support surface Active support surfaces Alternating air pressure Air fluidized Emerging technologies Positioning, surface material and bed making Global evidence on the effectiveness of support surfaces Decision-making for selecting proper support surfaces Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of pressure injuries after spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 23: Nerve and tendon transfers in tetraplegia: A new narrative Introduction Classifications Indications and timing Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of nerve and tendon transfers in tetraplegia: A new narrative Key facts of nerve and tendon transfer Summary points References Chapter 24: GEMINI-supported spinal cord transplantation for the treatment of chronic spinal paralysis: Overview and init ... Introduction The GEMINI spinal cord fusion protocol: Overview GEMINI: Fusogens GEMINI: Electrical stimulation Clinical translation Gemini hydrogelation Resection-apposition (Freeman-GEMINI approach) Spinal cord transplantation (Shirres-GEMINI approach) Current human trial Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of the GEMINI spinal cord fusion protocol for spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 25: Chondroitinase ABC I as a novel candidate for reducing damage in spinal cord injury Molecular perspectives Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans Distribution and functions of GAGs and proteoglycans CSPGs in the nervous system Implication of CSPGs in pathogen conditions Glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes: A brief description Structural features of chondroitinase ABC I Chondroitinase ABC I and spinal cord injury Chondroitinase ABC I for enzyme therapy: Challenges and perspectives Protein engineering strategies toward functional drug delivery Combinatorial therapy with chondroitinase ABC I Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of chondroitinase ABC I Key facts of the therapeutic potential of chondroitinase ABC I Summary points References Chapter 26: Phenol neurolysis for spasticity management in people with spinal cord injury Introduction Phenol or alcohol neurolysis history Mechanism of action Phenol neurolysis technique and dose Upper extremity targets Lower extremity targets Adverse effects Case study Conclusion/summary Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of phenol Summary points References Chapter 27: Anti-repulsive guidance molecule: An antibody treatment in spinal cord injury Introduction Characteristics of RGMa Ligand-receptor interactions and downstream signaling of RGMa RGMa in spinal cord injury (SCI) RGMa expression after SCI RGMa inhibition promotes recovery after SCI in rodents RGMa inhibition promotes recovery after SCI in primates Clinical studies RGMa in other CNS disorders Conclusions Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of axonal sprouting Summary points References Chapter 28: Mitochondrial biogenesis for the treatment of spinal cord injury Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction Mitochondrial biogenesis Regulation of MB Cell type-specific mitochondrial dysfunction and MB Neurons Astrocytes Endothelial cells Mitochondrial biogenesis mediates consequences of SCI Mitochondrial homeostasis and functional recovery Body composition Axonal growth Inflammation Limitations of MB Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary Key facts Summary points References Chapter 29: Exploring the exogenous and endogenous effects of melatonin on spinal cord injury Introduction Effects of exogenous melatonin on secondary injury after spinal cord injury Effects of exogenous melatonin on oxidative stress Effects of exogenous melatonin on inflammation Effects of exogenous melatonin on autophagy Combination treatment strategy for spinal cord injury Melatonin combined with exercise Role of endogenous melatonin in spinal cord injury Clinical application of melatonin in spinal cord injury Conclusion Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts Key facts of melatonin and exercise combination strategy for spinal cord injury Key facts of endogenous melatonin levels after spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 30: High-intensity interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury Introduction Section 1: Background and overview Incidence and prevalence Healthcare and economic burden Section 2: Cardiometabolic comorbidities associated with SCI Associated risk factors Health disparities, barriers, and SCI Section 3: SCI exercise benefits, guidelines, and participation Exercise benefits Exercise guidelines Exercise participation Section 4: Health benefits of high-intensity interval training High-intensity interval training in able-bodied individuals High-intensity interval training in individuals with spinal cord injury Telehealth strategies to promote exercise adherence to high-intensity interval training Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of SCI and exercise Summary points References Chapter 31: Stem cells and chronic spinal cord injury: Overview Introduction Pathophysiology of SCI Stem cells: A brief overview Embryonic stem cells-An overview of pre-clinical findings Animal-derived ESCs Human-derived ESCs ESC limitations Toward autologous transplantation: Mesenchymal stem cells Bone marrow-derived MSCs Adipose tissue-derived MSCs Umbilical cord-derived MSCs Cellular reprogramming: Induced pluripotent stem cells Translation to the bedside Development of a more accurate model Human studies and clinical trials The role of immunity Applications to other areas of neuroscience Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts for stem cells Key facts for spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 32: Viral vector gene therapy approaches for regeneration and repair in spinal cord injury Introduction Viral vector approaches Adenovirus Poliovirus Herpes simplex virus Lentivirus Adeno-associated virus Routes of administration Intramuscular and intraneural delivery Intravenous delivery Intrathecal delivery Intraparenchymal delivery Viral vector approaches for therapeutic delivery Neurotrophins CSPG Other approaches Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of viral vectors and spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 33: Curcumin usage for inflammation and spinal cord injury Introduction Structure, pharmacology, and biological targets Anti-inflammatory effects Anti-oxidant effects Stem cell and progenitor cell proliferation Facilitation of neurologic function recovery Conclusion and future direction Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of curcumin Summary points References Chapter 34: Use of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on spinal cord injury Introduction In vivo studies In vitro studies Applications to other areas of neuroscience Conclusion Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of EGCG Summary points References Chapter 35: Vitamin D and spinal cord injury Introduction Vitamin D recommendations: Intake, sources, and status Function and physiology Bone health Muscle function Extraskeletal functions Vitamin D status of active individuals with SCI Vitamin D and athletic performance in athletes with SCI Conclusion Application to other areas of neuroscience (200-750 words) Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of vitamin D and spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 36: Corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury: Implications for treatment and recovery Introduction CST development CST outgrowth CST location and termination pattern in spinal cord Precise control of skilled motor functions by defined CST populations Identification of cellular node for CST control of motor function in mice Spinal cord injury induced spontaneous sprouting of CST Classical work Dorsal injury: Ventral CST sprouting Dorsal column injury: Dorsolateral CST spouting Unilateral hemisection: CST cross into denervated side in monkeys Rewiring hindlimb CST Promotion of CST regenerative sprouting Promotion of CST regenerative sprouting by NT-3 Promotion of CST regenerative sprouting by overcome of myelin inhibitors Promotion of CST regenerative sprouting by overcome of CSPG Promotion of CST regenerative sprouting by genetic manipulation of certain genes Robust CST regeneration into caudalized NPC graft after SCI Transplantation of non-neural cells or fetal neural tissue Transplantation of caudalized neural progenitor cells Mechanisms of CST regeneration Reconnect injured spinal cord through neuronal relays Future prospective Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 37: Trophic factors in patients with spinal cord injury Introduction Role of neurotrophic factors in human neural plasticity after SCI Nerve growth factor (NGF) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Neurotrophin NT3 and NT4/5 Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) Different environments enhance trophic factors delivery Exercise Electrical stimulation Cell transplantation Therapeutic potential of trophic factors Molecules with properties of trophic factor in clinical trials Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of spinal cord injury Key facts therapeutic approaches Summary points References Section E: Rehabilitation in spinal injury Chapter 38: Spinal cord injury: Multiple family group (MFG) education and support Introduction Epidemiology of spinal cord injury Life impact and medical support Spinal cord injury after-effects Impacts of SCI on family caregivers Impact of multiple family groups (MFG) on psychiatric outcomes Adapting multiple family group treatment for brain and spinal cord injury Comparison of MFG to educational control (EC) Implementation and dissemination opportunities and barriers Application to other areas of neuroscience Conclusion Summary points References Chapter 39: Spinal cord injury rehabilitation: Linking service delivery and community integration Introduction Prioritizing community integration Interplay between health condition, person factors, and environmental factors Models and approaches to community integration Community integration embedded within inpatient rehabilitation Transitional rehabilitation program Extended community integration service Telehealth follow-up Assistive technology, transport, housing Assistive technology Transport Housing Leisure and social participation Participating in leisure assists adjustment following SCI Health benefits of physical leisure participation The role of peer mentors in community integration Peer mentors assist in transition from hospital to home Active rehabilitation Return to work Benefits of employment Vocational rehabilitation Self-management, education and health literacy Importance of education in maintaining physical and mental health Role of peer educators in facilitating self-management Summary Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of spinal cord injury community integration Summary points References Chapter 40: Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: Exercise and testing for cardiorespiratory endurance and musculoskeleta ... Introduction Exercise and persons with a spinal cord injury Exercise and spinal cord injury considerations Exercise recommendations for persons with spinal cord injury Barriers to exercise Importance of exercise testing Exercise testing for persons with a spinal cord injury General considerations for exercise testing for people with spinal cord injury Cardiorespiratory endurance testing VO2peak testing in people with spinal cord injury Equipment options for VO2peak fitness testing in people with spinal cord injury Arm crank ergometers Wheelchair-based systems Submaximal field tests 6-Minute arm test 6-Minute push test Musculoskeletal fitness testing Considerations for strength testing in persons with spinal cord injury Strength testing equipment Testing procedures Application to other areas in neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: Exercise and testing for cardiorespiratory endurance and musculoskeletal ... Key facts of spinal cord injury and exercise Key facts of exercise testing for persons with spinal cord injury Summary points References Chapter 41: Community-based activity-based therapy for spinal cord injuries rehabilitation Introduction Recovery after spinal cord injuries Conventional rehabilitation after spinal cord injuries Activity-based therapies Definition Goals Multimodal activity-based therapy Locomotor and gait training Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) Developmental postures: Weight-bearing activities Vibration Strength and aerobic training Active and active-assisted exercises Dosage Assessment and outcome measures Practical aspects of ABT in the community Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini dictionary of terms: Key facts of activity-based therapy in the community Summary points References Chapter 42: Mobile health apps and self-management for spinal cord injury rehabilitation Introduction Chronic disease management Traditional SCI self-management interventions eHealth technology and mHealth apps mHealth app needs among individuals with SCI Development and pilot implementation of mHealth apps for SCI self-management Clinical interventions on mHealth apps for SCI self-management Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of spinal cord injury Key facts of eHealth Summary points References Chapter 43: Biomaterials, spinal cord injury, and rehabilitation: A new narrative Introduction Hydrogels and scaffolds Synthetic-based hydrogels Hydrogel functionalization with cell-adhesive peptides Porosity orientation Natural-based hydrogels Extracellular matrix-based hydrogels Nanomaterials Nanotechnology and nanomedicine Properties of nanomaterials Nanoparticles Functionalization of nanoparticles The effects of encapsulated neurotrophin Nanogels Functionalization of nanogels Nanochannels, nanotubes, nanowires, and conduits Case study: Agarose-carbomer-based hydrogels Applications to other areas of neuroscience Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of ``Biomaterials, spinal cord injury, and rehabilitation: A new narrative´´ Summary points References Chapter 44: Support in spinal cord inj