Developments in Bioethanol

This book provides an updated and detailed overview on the recent developments of bioethanol technology. It looks at the historical perspectives, chemistry, sources and production of ethanol and discusses biotechnology breakthroughs and promising developments, its uses, advantages, problems, environmental effects and characteristics. In addition, it presents information about ethanol in different parts of the world and also highlights the challenges and future of ethanol. The first edition of this book was published as a SpringerBriefs in 2013. Since then, many new developments have taken place in the last six years. This new edition will highlight the evolution in bioethanol development from first-generation production to the futuristic fourth-generation bioethanol production, the various constraints and challenges involved, and the scope for development. This book caters to the audience who are interested in alternative transportation fuels which are both biodegradable and sustainable to the environment. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 General Background and Introduction References 2 Historical Perspectives References 3 Key Drivers and Trends References 4 Chemistry, Types and Sources of Ethanol 4.1 Chemistry of Ethanol 4.2 Types of Ethanol 4.3 Raw Materials References 5 Production of Bioethanol 5.1 Background 5.1.1 First Generation Process Technology 5.1.2 Second Generation Process Technology 5.1.3 Third Generation Process Technology 5.1.4 Fourth-Generation Process Technology 5.2 Feedstock Processing 5.2.1 Processing of Sugar Crops 5.2.2 Processing of Cereal Crops 5.2.3 Use of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes for Ethanol Production 5.2.4 Converting Pulp and Paper Mills into Biorefineries 5.3 Algae for Bioethanol Production 5.3.1 Cultivation of Algae 5.4 Production Costs 5.5 Important Developments in the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol 5.5.1 Energy Balances References 6 Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses Biomass for Bioethanol Production 6.1 Physical Pretreatment 6.1.1 Mechanical Comminution 6.1.2 High Energy Radiation 6.1.3 Pyrolysis 6.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment 6.2.1 Steam Explosion 6.2.2 Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment (LHW) 6.2.3 Ammonia Fibre/Freeze Explosion (AFEX), Ammonia Recycle Percolation (ARP) and Soaking Aqueous Ammonia (SAA) 6.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Explosion 6.3 Chemical Pretreatment 6.3.1 Oxidative Delignification 6.3.2 Acid Treatment 6.3.3 Alkali Treatment 6.3.4 Organosolv Process 6.3.5 Sulphite Pretreatment 6.4 Cellulose Solvent-Based Lignocellulose Pretreatments 6.4.1 Ionic Liquids 6.4.2 Aqueous N-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide 6.4.3 Urea/Sodium Hydroxide 6.4.4 N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/LiCl 6.5 Biological Treatment 6.6 Other Methods 6.6.1 Glycerol 6.6.2 Wet Oxidation 6.6.3 Micorowaves Pretreatment 6.6.4 Ultrasonication References 7 Ethanol Markets 7.1 Transportation Fuel 7.1.1 E10 or Less 7.1.2 E15 7.1.3 E20, E25 7.1.4 E70, E75 7.1.5 E85 7.1.6 E100 7.2 Niche Markets 7.2.1 Fuel Cells 7.2.2 E Diesel 7.2.3 Aviation 7.2.4 Snowmobiles 7.2.5 Boats/Marine 7.2.6 Small Engine Equipment References 8 Characteristics of Fuel Ethanol 8.1 Environmentally Friendly 8.1.1 Fuel Economy References 9 Benefits and Problems with Bioethanol 9.1 Benefits 9.1.1 Environmental Friendliness 9.2 Problems with Ethanol/Ethanol Blends References 10 Global Production of Bioethanol 10.1 European Union 10.2 Australia 10.3 China 10.4 United States 10.5 Brazil 10.6 Canada 10.7 India 10.8 Thailand 10.9 Japan References 11 Ethanol and Environment References 12 Future of Bioethanol References Index