Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes : Innovative Microbe-Based Applications for Removal of Chemicals and Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Development in Waste Water Treatment Research and Processes: Innovative Microbe-Based Applications for Removal of Chemicals and Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants focuses on the exploitation of various biological treatment technologies and their use to treat toxic and hazardous contaminants present in industrial effluent and restore the contaminated sites, a topic which lacks discussion in existing titles on the global market. This book encompasses advanced technologies and updated information as well as future directions for young researchers and scientists who are working in the field of wastewater treatment or effluent treatment plants and biodegradation of environmental contaminants for environmental safety and sustainable development. Provides wide information to readers on state-of-the-art applications of microbes for wastewater/industrial effluent treatment and environmental protection Summarizes our current knowledge on the use of various microbes, even the use of dead biomass for dye decolorization and degradation Explores different aspects of biological methods for contaminant removal and better advanced biotechnological applications Front Cover Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and ProcessesInnovative Microbe-Based Applications for Removal of Chemicals and Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants Copyright Contents Contributors 1 - A comparative study between physicochemical and biological methods for effective removal of textile dye from wa ... 1. Introduction 2. Types of dyes and their toxicity 2.1 Azo dyes 2.2 Acid dye 2.3 Basic dye 2.4 Direct dye 2.5 Vat dye 3. Physical methods 3.1 Adsorption 3.1.1 Adsorption by clay particles 3.1.2 Adsorption by activated carbon 3.1.3 Adsorption by wood chips 3.1.4 Adsorption by silica gel 3.2 Coagulation and flocculation 3.2.1 Irradiation 3.3 Emerging physical method for the treatment of textile dye effluents 3.3.1 Biosorption 4. Membrane technology 4.1 Microfiltration 4.2 Reverse osmosis 4.3 Nanofiltration 4.4 Ultrafiltration 5. Chemical methods 5.1 Fenton method 5.2 Ozonation 5.3 Cucurbitiril 5.4 Sodium hypochlorite 5.4.1 Ion exchange 5.5 Recent biochemical trend 5.5.1 Photocatalysis 6. Advanced oxidation process 7. Biological methods 7.1 Degradation with bacteria 7.1.1 Immobilization of cells for the degradation of dyes 7.2 Degradation with algal culture 7.3 Degradation with yeast 7.4 Degradation with fungi 7.5 Degradation with white-rot fungi 7.6 Enzyme system of white-rot fungi 7.6.1 Lignin peroxidase (LiPs) 7.6.2 Manganese peroxidase (MnPs) 7.6.3 Laccases 8. Conclusion References 2 - An approach toward developing clean green techniques to deal with heavy metal toxicity using the microbiome 1. Introduction 2. Different heavy metals and their impacts 2.1 Arsenic 2.2 Cadmium 2.3 Lead 2.4 Nickel 2.5 Mercury 2.6 Copper 2.7 Chromium 3. Bioremediation: the savior of the environment 3.1 Biosorption 3.1.1 Biosorption by bacteria 3.1.2 Biosorption by fungi 3.2 Bioaugmentation: a new green technology 3.2.1 Microbial bioaugmentation 3.3 Phytoremediation 3.3.1 Rhizoremediation 3.3.1.1 Mechanisms of metal resistance 3.3.1.1 Mechanisms of metal resistance 3.4 Mycoremediation, erasing environmental pollutants 3.5 Bioventing and biosparging 3.6 Cyanoremediation 3.7 Biostimulation 3.8 Bioleaching 4. Factors affecting bioremediation 4.1 Availability of nutrients 4.2 Temperature 4.3 pH 5. Conclusion References 3 - Microbial degradation of pesticides: microbial potential for degradation of pesticides 1. Introduction: pesticides effect on environment health 1.1 Pesticides 1.2 Classification of pesticide 1.3 Pesticide fate in the environment 2. Biomagnification: tenacious effect of pesticides 2.1 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification 3. Microbial potential: effective degradation of pesticides 4. Types of bioremediation technologies 4.1 Bioremediation factors 5. Biochemical mechanism of pesticides bioremediation 5.1 Inference References 4 - Biodegradation and photocatalysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater 1. Introduction 1.1 Pharmaceuticals 2. Biodegradation 3. Biodegradation approaches for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastes 3.1 Bacterial degradation 3.2 Fungal degradation 3.3 Enzymatic degradation 4. Factors affecting the biodegradation of pharmaceuticals 4.1 Photocatalysis 4.2 Process enhancement conditions 4.3 Recent advancements and approaches 4.4 Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation 5. Conclusion References 5 - Recent trends in the microbial degradation and bioremediation of emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment system 1. Introduction 2. Emerging pollutants as micropollutants 2.1 Pharmaceuticals 2.2 Pesticides 2.3 Plasticizers 2.4 Brominated flame retardants 2.5 Perfluorinated compounds 3. Fate of emerging micropollutants in aqueous environment 4. Microbial degradation of micropollutants 4.1 Degradation pathways and metabolic residues of phthalate esters 4.1.1 Anaerobic degradation 4.1.2 Aerobic degradation 5. Microbial cells and their enzymes in wastewater treatment 5.1 Bacteria and fungi 5.1.1 Oxidoreductases 5.1.2 Laccases 5.1.3 Peroxidases 5.1.4 Hydrolytic enzymes 5.2 Microalgae 6. Perspectives of microbial degradation and challenges 7. Advancements in microbial cell-based wastewater treatment 7.1 Genetic engineering 7.2 Biogenic nanoparticles 7.3 Integrated systems 8. Conclusion References 6 - Biological methods for textile dyes removal from wastewaters 1. Introduction 1.1 Types of dyes 1.2 Textile dyes and their impact on the environment 1.3 Methods for the treatment of textile dyes 1.4 Biological treatment 1.4.1 Fungal degradation of dyes 1.4.2 Bacterial degradation of dyes 1.4.3 Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of dyes 1.4.4 Algae degradation of dyes 1.4.5 Enzymatic degradation of dyes 1.4.6 Biosorption studies for degradation of dyes 1.5 Decolorization treatment of dispersed textile dyes 1.5.1 Biological treatment for textile dispersed dyes 1.6 Conclusion and outlook References 7 - Importance and applications of biofilm in microbe-assisted bioremediation 1. Introduction 2. An overview of biofilm 2.1 Composition of biofilms 2.2 Mechanism of biofilm formation 2.3 Factors affecting biofilm formation 2.4 Biofilm formed by different microbial species 3. An overview of bioremediation 4. Role of biofilm in bioremediation 5. Strategies for use of biofilm in bioremediation 6. Types of pollutants remediated by biofilms 7. Application of biofilm in bioremediation 7.1 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 7.1.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 7.1.2 Chlorinated ethenes 7.1.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins 7.2 Inorganic pollutants: heavy metals and synthetic dyes 7.3 Oil-contaminated water 7.4 Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) 7.5 Pesticides 8. Challenges in biofilm mediated bioremediation References 8 - Microorganism: an ecofriendly tool for waste management and environmental safety 1. Introduction 2. Types of wastes and its sources 3. Role of microorganisms in waste management 3.1 Sewage treatment 3.2 Energy production 3.3 Treatment of soil 3.4 Oil spills treatment 4. Advantages of bioremediation over conventional methods 5. Different approaches for microbial waste management 5.1 Bioleaching 5.2 Bioaugmentation 5.3 Biostimulation 5.4 Bioventing 5.5 Biopiles 5.6 Biofiltration 5.7 Microbe assisted phytoremediation 6. Treatment of wastewater using microbes 6.1 Bacteria 6.2 Algae 6.3 Fungi 7. Challenges in microbial waste management by bioremediation 8. Role of indigenous microorganisms for environmental protection 9. Conclusion References 9 - Microbial degradation of lignin: conversion, application, and challenges 1. Introduction 2. Chemical structure of lignin and sources 3. Biological degradation of lignin 3.1 Lignin degradation by fungi 3.2 Lignin degradation by bacteria 4. Enzymes associated with lignin degradation 4.1 Lignin peroxidase 4.2 Manganese peroxidase 4.3 Versatile peroxidase 4.4 Laccase 4.5 Bacterial ligninolytic enzymes 5. Regulation of ligninolytic enzymes 5.1 Induction of metal ions 5.2 Induction of ethanol 5.3 Induction nutrients 5.4 Induction of phenolic compounds 6. Bioconversion of lignin to value-added bioproducts 6.1 Microbial lipids 6.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 6.3 Vanillin 6.4 Muconic acid 7. Current challenges and future perspectives 8. Conclusion References 10 - Ligninolytic enzymes: a promising tools for bioremediation of waste water 1. Introduction 2. Ligninolytic enzymes 2.1 Molecular structure and mechanisms of ligninolytic enzymes 3. Laccases 3.1 Laccase structure and catalytic mechanism 4. Heme-peroxidases 5. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) 6. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) 7. Sources of ligninolytic enzymes 8. Application of ligninolytic enzymes 8.1 Delignification of lignocelluloses 8.2 Removal of recalcitrant polyaromatic hydrocarbons 8.3 Conversion of coal to low molecular mass fraction 8.4 Biopulping and biobleaching in paper industry 8.5 Polymerization in polymer ventures 8.6 Biodegradation of colors 8.7 Wastewater treatment 8.8 Soil treatment 8.9 Lignolytic enzymes applications in various industries 8.10 Role of ligninolytic enzymes in lignin degradation 9. Improvement strategies for ligninolytic enzyme production 10. Conclusions References 11 - Bioaccumulation and detoxification of heavy metals: an insight into the mechanism 1. Introduction 2. Industrial effluent containing heavy metals 2.1 Metal finishing 2.2 Mining 2.3 Textiles industries 2.4 Nuclear plants 3. Heavy metals in industrial effluent 3.1 Arsenic 3.2 Lead 3.3 Mercury 3.4 Cadmium 4. Analysis of heavy metals 5. Heavy metal toxicity 5.1 Environment 5.2 Plants 5.3 Microorganisms 5.4 Humans 6. Bioremediation 7. Bioaccumulation 8. Detoxification 9. Different types of bioremediators for heavy metals 9.1 Algae 9.2 Fungi 9.3 Bacteria 10. Integrated system 11. Conclusion and future perspectives References 12 - Membrane proteins mediated microbial-electrochemical remediation technology 1. Introduction 2. Microbial electrochemistry 2.1 Microbial-electrochemical systems for bioremediation 3. Membrane protein complex in electrogenic bacteria for bioremediation 3.1 Respiratory complexes of Shewanella oneidensis and heavy metals biodegradation 3.2 Redox mediators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in environmental bioremediation 3.3 Geobacter sulfurreducens cytochromes and nanowires in heavy metals reduction 4. Biological enzymes for environmental bioremediation 4.1 Oxidoreductases 4.2 Peroxidases 4.3 Oxygenases 4.4 Monooxygenases 4.5 Methane oxygenase (MMO) 4.6 Laccases 5. Electrochemical characterization of redox enzymes 5.1 Cyclic voltammetry 5.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 5.3 Coupled spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques 6. Perspectives References 13 - Bioremediation strategies to overcome heavy metals and radionuclides from the environment 1. Introduction 2. Microbial interactions with radionuclides and heavy metals 3. Organisms involved in bioremediation 4. Bioremediation of heavy metals and radionuclides 5. Limitations and future prospects 6. Conclusion References 14 - Microbial remediation of tannery wastewater 1. Introduction to tanneries 2. Characteristics of tannery waste water 3. Environmental and health impacts 4. Wastewater treatment methods adopted in tanneries 4.1 Physicochemical remediation of tannery wastewater constituents 4.2 Biological treatment or bioremediation of tannery wastewater 5. Microbial remediation 5.1 Bacterial remediation of tannery effluent constituents 5.2 Phycoremediation or algal remediation of tannery wastewater constituents 5.3 Fungal remediation or mycoremediation of tannery wastewater constituents 6. Challenges and limitations to biological wastewater treatment methods employed in tannery industries 7. Recent advancements 7.1 Metagenomic approach for bioprospecting potential microbes and enzymes for tannery wastewater treatment 7.2 Microbial biosensors for detection and monitoring of contaminants present in tannery wastewater 8. Solid waste management practices References 15 - Biological methods for degradation of textile dyes from textile effluent 1. Introduction 2. Types and characteristics of dyes 3. Methods of dye removal 3.1 Physicochemical methods 3.2 Biological methods 3.2.1 Fungi as biodegradable agent for textile dyes 3.2.2 Use of bacteria for degradation of textile dyes 3.2.3 Degradation of dyes by use of anaerobic and aerobic cultures 3.2.4 Algal degradation of dyes 3.2.5 Role of enzymes in degradation of textile dyes from wastewater 3.2.6 Biosorption assay for textile dye degradation 3.2.7 Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology for biodegradation of dyes 3.2.8 Biofilm technology for recycling of wastewater 4. Conclusion References 16 - Biodegradation of azo dye using microbiological consortium 1. Introduction 2. Azo dyes in textile industry 2.1 Classification of azo dyes 2.2 Impact of textile effluents containing azo dyes on environment 2.3 Different methods used in degradation of azo dyes 3. Microbiological degradation of azo dyes 3.1 Degradation mechanism with bacteria 3.2 Degradation mechanism with algae 3.3 Degradation mechanism with fungi 3.4 Advantages of using microbiological consortia 4. Parameters involved during microbial azo-dye degradation 4.1 Effect of carbon source 4.2 Effect of nitrogen source 4.3 Effect of dye concentration 4.4 Effect of inoculum size 4.5 Effect of pH 4.6 Effect of temperature 4.7 Effect of time 4.8 Effect of agitation 5. Conclusion References 17 - Removal of pesticides from water and waste water by microbes 1. Introduction 2. Pesticide 2.1 Organochloride pesticide 2.2 Organophosphate pesticide 2.3 Carbamate pesticide 2.4 Other classes 3. Impact of pesticide 4. Metabolism and degradation of pesticide 4.1 Application of adsorbent 4.1.1 Carbonaceous adsorbents 4.1.2 Agricultural wastes adsorbents 4.1.3 Polymeric adsorbents 4.1.4 Industrial wastes adsorbents 4.1.5 Bioadsorbents 4.1.6 Inorganic adsorbents 4.1.7 Miscellaneous adsorbents 5. Biodegradation 5.1 Types of pesticides-degrading microorganism 5.2 The mechanism of microbial degradation of pesticides 5.2.1 Enzymatic degradation 5.2.2 Mineralization 5.2.3 Cometabolism 5.2.4 Other microbial degradation pathways 5.2.4.1 Hydrolysis 5.2.4.1 Hydrolysis 5.2.4.2 Dehalogenation 5.2.4.2 Dehalogenation 5.2.4.3 Oxidation 5.2.4.3 Oxidation 5.2.4.4 Nitro reduction 5.2.4.4 Nitro reduction 5.2.4.5 Methylation 5.2.4.5 Methylation 5.2.4.6 Demethylation 5.2.4.6 Demethylation 5.3 Commonly used pesticide degradation of microorganisms 5.4 Microbial degradation of pesticide technology 5.4.1 Application of transgenic technology 5.4.2 Construction and application of multistrain complex system 5.4.3 Application of immobilized microbial technology 6. Factors affect biodegradation 6.1 Environmental factors 6.2 Effect of pesticide structure 6.3 The impact of microorganisms 7. Current scenario 8. Conclusion References 18 - An ecofriendly approach toward waste management and environmental safety through microorganisms 1. Introduction 2. Microorganisms in the environment 2.1 Bacteria 2.2 Fungi 2.3 Viruses 2.4 Protozoa 2.5 Algae 2.6 Archaea 3. Microorganisms for waste management 3.1 Industrial waste 3.2 Municipal waste 3.3 Agricultural wastes 3.4 Biomedical waste 3.5 Radioactive waste 4. Microorganisms in environmental safety 5. Conclusion References 19 - Enzymatic decolorization and degradation of azo dyes 1. Introduction 2. Dyes 3. Azo dye 4. Classification of azo dyes 4.1 Acid dyes 4.2 Basic or cationic dyes 4.3 Direct dyes 4.4 Mordant dyes 4.5 Vat dyes 4.6 Azoic dyes 4.7 Reactive dyes 4.8 Disperse dyes 4.9 Solvent dyes 4.9.1 Properties of azo dyes 5. Strucutre of dyes 6. Different method for the removal of dyes 6.1 Degradation methods of dyes 6.1.1 Physical and chemical method 6.2 Biologycal method 6.2.1 Bacterial degradation 6.2.2 Decortication by fungi 6.2.3 Decolorization of yeast 6.2.4 Algae 6.2.5 Enzymatic decolorization and degradation of azo dyes 7. Decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by azoreductase 7.1 Decolorization and degradation azo dyes by laccase 8. Factor affecting dyes degradation by biological method 8.1 pH 8.2 Temperature 8.3 Oxygen 9. Mechanism of azo dyes 10. Conclusion Further reading 20 - Azo dyes: a notorious class of water pollutant, and role of enzymes to decolorize and degrade them 1. Introduction 2. Enzyme-meditated decolorization and degradation of azo dye 3. Mechanism of degradation and decolorization by peroxidases 3.1 Manganese peroxidase 3.2 Lignin peroxidase 3.3 Horseradish peroxidase 4. Mechanism of degradation and decolorization by laccase 5. Mechanism of degradation and decolorization by azoreductases 6. Conclusion References 21 - Biofilm mediated bioremediation and other applications 1. Introduction 2. Biofilms in bioremediation 3. Bioreactors in biofilm formation 4. Biofilm mediated remediation 5. Marine biofilms 6. Marine biofilm in elimination of plastic debris 7. Factors affecting the remediation using biofilm 7.1 Nature of matrix 7.2 pH 7.3 Temperature 8. Qs in pollutant degradation 9. Biofilms as source for value added products 10. Conclusion References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover