Detonation Phenomena of Condensed Explosives (Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena)

This book presents fundamental theory of shock and detonation waves as well as selected studies in detonation research in Japan, contributed by selected experts in safety research on explosives, development of industrial explosives, and application of explosives. It also reports detonation research in Japan featuring industrial explosives that include ammonium nitrate-based explosives and liquid explosives. Intended as a monographic-style book, it consistently uses technical terms and symbols and creates organic links between various detonation phenomena in application of explosives, fundamental theory of detonation waves, measurement methods, and individual studies. Among other features, the book presents a historical perspective of shock wave and detonation research in Japan, pedagogical materials for young researchers in detonation physics, and an introduction to works in Japan, including equations of state, which are worthy of attention but about which very little is known internationally. Further, the concise pedagogical chapters also characterize this book as a primer of detonation of condensed explosives and help readers start their own research. Preface Contents Contributors 1 Shock and Detonation Phenomena 1.1 Sound, Shock, and Detonation Waves 1.2 Types and Properties of Explosives and Target Phenomena 1.3 Overview of the History of Detonation Research 2 Theory of Shock Wave and Detonation 2.1 Shock Wave Physics in Condensed Media 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Shock Propagation Characteristics 2.1.3 Thermodynamics of Shock Compression 2.2 Detonation Wave Fundamentals in Condensed Phase Explosives 2.2.1 Simple Model for Detonation—C-J Hypothesis 2.2.2 ZND Model 2.2.3 Application of C-J Hypothesis 2.3 Numerical Simulation 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Finite Difference Scheme for One-Dimensional Lagrangian Code 2.3.3 Computed Results Using One-Dimensional Lagrangian Code 2.3.4 OpenFOAM References 3 Description of Detonation Phenomena 3.1 Introduction of Equation of State for Explosives 3.2 Equation of State for Detonation Products 3.2.1 Equation of State with Explicit Chemistry 3.2.2 Equation of State Without Explicit Chemistry 3.3 Kihara–Hikita–Tanaka (KHT) Code 3.3.1 Molecular Theory of Detonation by Kihara and Hikita 3.3.2 KH Code 3.3.3 KHT Code 3.3.4 Typical Examples of KHT Code 3.4 Other Models of the Equation of States 3.4.1 Unified EOS for Arbitrary Initial Density 3.5 EOS Model for Unreacted Condensed Explosives 3.5.1 Formulation of the Equation of State from Isothermal Compression Data 3.5.2 Material Functions and Shock Hugoniot 3.5.3 Interpretation of Unreacted Hugoniot Data References 4 Measurements of Shock and Detonation Phenomena 4.1 Experimental Methods 4.1.1 Production of Planar Shock Wave 4.1.2 Pressure Measurements 4.1.3 Particle Velocity Measurements 4.2 Temperature Measurements of Detonation Phenomena 4.2.1 History of Detonation Temperature Measurements 4.2.2 Temperature Measurements by Time-Resolved Optical Pyrometer 4.2.3 Detonation Temperature of Liquid Explosives 4.2.4 Detonation Temperature of Solid Explosives 4.3 Measurements of Underwater Explosion Phenomena 4.3.1 Description of Underwater Explosion Phenomena 4.3.2 Use and Evaluation of Underwater Explosion Performance 4.3.3 Measurements of Shock Wave and Bubble Pulse References 5 Shock Initiation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of the Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Shock Initiation 5.3 Modeling of the Reactive Flow 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Discussion of Mixture Rule 5.3.3 Simulations of Reactive Flow by Unified EOS 5.4 Gap Test and Its Numerical Simulation 5.4.1 Small-Scale Gap Test 5.4.2 Scale Effect of Sympathetic Detonation 5.5 Laser Initiation 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Experimental Procedure 5.5.3 Short Summary and Future Prospects References 6 Ideal and Non-ideal Detonation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition and Overview of Studies for Non-ideal Detonation 6.2.1 Definition of Ideal and Non-ideal Explosive 6.2.2 Overview of Studies for Non-ideal Detonation 6.3 Ammonium Nitrate 6.3.1 Investigation of Non-ideal Behavior of Ammonium Nitrate 6.3.2 Investigation of Non-ideal Behavior of Ammonium Nitrate and Activated Carbon Mixtures 6.3.3 Investigation of Non-ideal Behavior of ANFO Explosive 6.3.4 Diameter Effect of AN-Based Explosive 6.4 Emulsion Explosives 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Detonation Velocity of Emulsion Explosives 6.4.3 Detonation Pressure of Emulsion Explosives 6.4.4 Detonation Properties of Aluminized Emulsion Explosives 6.4.5 Underwater Explosion Performance of Emulsion Explosives 6.5 Non-ideal Detonation in Aluminized Explosives 6.5.1 Non-ideal Detonation in Gelled Nitromethane/Aluminum Mixtures 6.5.2 Non-ideal Detonation in Packed Aluminum Particles Saturated in Nitromethane 6.5.3 Non-ideal Detonation in Aluminized Solid Explosives References 7 Future Perspectives on Detonation Research 7.1 Historical Viewpoint 7.2 Future Perspectives