Determinants of Addiction : Neurobiological, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Factors

Why can two people use a drug and one person becomes addicted while the other does not? Determinants of Addiction: Neurobiological, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Factors unravels the complexities underlying addiction to understand how individual factors at the genetic, cellular, anatomical, cognitive–behavioral, and sociocultural level can influence susceptibility to substance use disorders. The first section reviews the neurobiological determinants of addiction and examines how drugs hijack the reward pathway and alter numerous neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine. The second section covers the behavioral–cognitive determinants of addiction such a conditioning, memory processes, and decision-making. The final section examines individual differences in addiction vulnerability, with a focus on personality factors, sociocultural factors, sex/gender, and stress. The book references commonly used drugs such as nicotine, ethanol (alcohol), opioids, and cocaine. Explores differentiating factors that influence why people develop a substance use disorder Introduces the cellular and anatomical pathways of addiction Identifies genes implicated in substance use disorders Reviews role of conditioning in the development of substance use disorders Includes personality, sex/gender and sociocultural factors in addiction Discusses the influence of peers and stress on addiction process Front Cover DETERMINANTS OF ADDICTION DETERMINANTS OF ADDICTION Dedication Copyright Contents About the author Preface Acknowledgements Organization of book I - Prologue 1 - Introduction to addiction: Substance use disorders Introduction Learning objectives Introduction to addiction and substance use disorders (SUDs) Key aspects of SUDs Terminology related to SUDs Defining SUDs: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) Defining SUDs: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) Commonly used drugs Routes of administration Psychostimulants Nicotine Schedule II psychostimulants Cathinone and synthetic cathinones Depressants Ethanol Opioids Sedative-hypnotics Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Hallucinogens Psychedelic hallucinogens Dissociative hallucinogens Entactogens (empathogens) Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids Inhalants Quiz 1.1 Answers to quiz 1.1 Drug combinations Experiment Spotlight: Desire to drink alcohol is enhanced with high caffeine energy drink mixers (Marczinski et al.75) Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Prevalence of SUDs In the United States Across the world In other psychiatric conditions Health and economic impacts of SUDs Health impacts Economic impacts Translational approach to studying addiction Quiz 1.2 Answers to quiz 1.2 Chapter summary Glossary References II - Neurobiological mechanisms of addiction 2 - Pharmacological actions of commonly used drugs Introduction Learning objectives Introduction to the nervous system and neurotransmitters Neurons Cell body Dendrites and receptors Axon Terminal buttons and transporters How neurons communicate with each other Action potentials Synapses and chemical transmission Glial cells Quiz 2.1 Answers to quiz 2.1 Major neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Monoamines Glutamate GABA Endogenous opioids Endocannabinoids Quiz 2.2 Answers to quiz 2.2 Drug mechanisms of action Psychostimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Cannabis Inhalants Pharmacological treatments for substance use disorders Treating nicotine use disorder Experiment Spotlight: A pilot randomized clinical trial of remote varenicline sampling to promote treatment engagement and ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Treating alcohol use disorder Treating opioid use disorders Treating psychostimulant use disorders Treating cannabis use disorder Quiz 2.3 Answers quiz 2.3 Chapter summary Glossary References 3 - Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of addiction Introduction Learning objectives Primary brain structures of the mesocorticolimbic pathway Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Experiment Spotlight: Dopaminergic neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning (Hollerman ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Nucleus accumbens (NAc) Prefrontal cortex (PFC) Other brain regions involved in reward Dorsal striatum Amygdala Anterior cingulate cortex and insula Hippocampus Lateral habenula Paradigms to study addiction-like behaviors Quiz 3.1 Quiz 3.1 answers Neuroanatomical underpinnings of the addiction process: focus on dopaminergic signaling Initiation of drug use Maintenance of drug-taking behavior Sensitization to the behavioral effects of drugs Tolerance and withdrawal Craving and drug seeking Relapse Dopamine depletion hypothesis of addiction Quiz 3.2 Answers to quiz 3.2 Contribution of other neurotransmitter systems to the addiction process GABA Glutamate Serotonin Norepinephrine Endogenous opioids Endocannabinoids Acetylcholine Quiz 3.3 Answers to quiz 3.3 Chapter summary Glossary References 4 - Molecular and cellular mechanisms of addiction Introduction Learning objectives Heritability of substance use disorders Genes associated with drug addiction in humans Genes encoding for dopamine receptors Genes encoding for monoamine clearance Genes encoding for acetylcholine nicotinic receptor Genes encoding for ethanol metabolism Summary of human gene association studies Quiz 4.1 Answers to quiz 4.1 Genetic approaches to studying addiction in animals Measuring drug-induced changes in transcription factor expression Measuring drug-induced changes in mRNA expression Effects of altered gene expression on addiction-like behaviors Optogenetics Chemogenetics Experiment Spotlight: Chemogenetic manipulations of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons reveal multifaceted roles in co ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Epigenetics and addiction DNA methylation Histone modification Pharmacogenetic approach to treating addiction Quiz 4.2 Answers to quiz 4.2 Cellular changes following drug administration Changes to receptor levels How drugs affect dopamine receptor levels How drugs affect receptor levels of other neurotransmitter systems Effects of altered receptor levels during abrupt drug cessation Alterations to dendritic spines Changes to transporter expression and function Cellular pathways associated with addiction Astrocytes and addiction Quiz 4.3 Answers to quiz 4.3 Chapter summary Glossary References III - Behavioral and cognitive mechanisms of addiction 5 - Learning mechanisms of addiction: operant conditioning Introduction Learning objectives Overview of operant conditioning B.F. Skinner and the operant conditioning chamber Reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement Punishment Quiz 5.1 Answers to quiz 5.1 Operant processes involved in addiction Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Opponent-process theory of addiction Hedonic allostasis model of addiction Punishment Using operant conditioning to study addiction Drug self-administration Short-access model Long-access model Progressive ratio schedule Threshold procedure Choice procedure Second-order schedule Compulsive drug seeking Human drug self-administration Drug discrimination Neurobiological differences across self-administration paradigms Using operant principles to treat addiction Contingency management Experiment Spotlight: A contingency management method for 30-day abstinence in nontreatment seeking young adult cannabis us ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Community reinforcement approach Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) Adolescent community reinforcement approach Use of punishment to combat substance use disorders? Quiz 5.2 Answers to quiz 5.2 Chapter summary Glossary References 6 - Learning mechanisms of addiction: Pavlovian conditioning Introduction Learning objectives Overview of Pavlov's study Principles of Pavlovian conditioning Pavlovian processes involved in addiction Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) Attentional bias Eye-tracking experiments Dot-probe task Drug Stroop Task Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) Pavlovian-based theories of addiction Compensatory response theory Conditioned tolerance Conditioned withdrawal symptoms Incentive sensitization theory of addiction Quiz 6.1 Answers to quiz 6.1 Conditioned place preference Biased versus unbiased design Acquisition versus expression of CPP CPP in humans Advantages and disadvantages of CPP Using Pavlovian concepts to treat addiction Cue exposure therapy (extinction training) Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) Augmented reality Aversion therapy and counterconditioning Experiment Spotlight: A virtual reality counterconditioning procedure to reduce methamphetamine cue-induced craving (Wang e ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Reducing attentional bias Quiz 6.2 Answers to quiz 6.2 Chapter summary Glossary References 7 - Attentional and memory processes underlying addiction Introduction Learning objectives Cognitive model of addiction Drug effects on attention and automaticity Attention to drug warnings Quiz 7.1 Answers to quiz 7.1 Drug effects on memory Experiment Spotlight: Maternal crack cocaine use in rats leads to depressive- and anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Cognitive impairments as a predictor of drug use problems Modeling relapse-like behavior Extinction Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior Incubation of drug craving Renewal Resurgence Conditioned place preference revisited Quiz 7.2 Answers to quiz 7.2 Neurobiology of attention and memory: relevance to addiction Cellular mechanisms of learning and addiction Glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction Cognitive-based treatments for addiction Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Improving cognitive functions in individuals with a SUD Quiz 7.3 Answers to quiz 7.3 Chapter summary Glossary References 8 - Maladaptive decision making and addiction Introduction Learning objectives Overview of decision making Measuring decision making Impaired decision making resulting from drug use Impulsive decision making Acute drug effects on impulsive decision making Experiment Spotlight: Acute alcohol effects on impulsive choice in adolescents (Bernhardt et al.45) Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Long-term consequences of drug use on impulsive decision making Quiz 8.1 Answers to quiz 8.1 Risky decision making Acute drug effects on risky decision making Long-term consequences of drug use on risky decision making Maladaptive decision making as a risk factor for substance use disorders Quiz 8.2 Answers to quiz 8.2 Shared neuromechanisms of maladaptive decision making and addiction Prefrontal cortex Limbic structures Anterior cingulate cortex Metacognition, mindfulness, and addiction Treatments for improving drug-induced impairments in decision making Quiz 8.3 Answers to quiz 8.3 Chapter summary Glossary References IV Individual and sociocultural factors linked to addiction 9 - Individual differences in addiction: focus on personality traits Introduction Learning objectives Measuring personality traits Eysenck personality questionnaire Sixteen personality factor questionnaire Five-factor model of personality Alternative five factor model of personality Temperament and character inventory Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory Personality factors associated with drug use and addiction “Big Five” traits associated with addiction Experiment Spotlight: Personality traits and psychotic proneness among chronic synthetic cannabinoid users (Cohen et al.19) Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Temperaments and characters associated with addiction Psychopathology and addiction Quiz 9.1 Answers to quiz 9.1 Impulsivity Behavioral measures of impulsivity Trait measures of impulsivity Impulsive action and addiction Trait impulsivity and addiction Novelty seeking/sensation seeking and addiction Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD and addiction Does psychostimulant treatment for ADHD increase the risk of developing a SUD? Modeling ADHD in rodents Quiz 9.2 Answers to quiz 9.2 Chapter summary Glossary References 10 - Social and sociocultural factors associated with addiction Introduction Learning objectives Peer and familial influences on drug use Theories of social influence on drug use Social learning theory Social control theory Social influences on drug use in animal models Social influences on drug preference Experiment Spotlight: Social interaction with relapsed partner facilitates cocaine relapse in rats (Meng et al.76) Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Observational learning Social facilitation Dominance hierarchies Quiz 10.1 Answers to quiz 10.1 Socioeconomic status (SES) Modeling the association between SES and addiction in animals Racial and ethnic differences in addiction Religion/spirituality and addiction Socially based treatments for SUDs Family therapy Residential treatment centers Halfway houses Therapeutic communities 12-Step programs Quiz 10.2 Answers to quiz 10.2 Chapter summary Glossary References 11 - Stress and addiction Introduction Learning objectives Neurobiology of stress Stress and drug use patterns in humans Anxiety disorders and addiction Experiment Spotlight: Self-reported PTSD is associated with increased use of MDMA in adolescents with substance use disorde ... Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Animal models of stress Social isolation Maternal separation Social defeat Environmental stressors Food deprivation Restraint Forced swimming Physical pain Pharmacological stressors Combining stressors Predictable and unpredictable stress Inescapable versus escapable stress Stress-induced reinstatement Quiz 11.1 Answers to quiz 11.1 Neuromechanisms mediating relationship between stress and addiction HPA axis Shared neuroanatomical underpinnings of stress and addiction Dopamine and serotonin Glutamate Acetylcholine Endocannabinoids Peptides Hedonic allostasis model of addiction revisited Methods for reducing stress Quiz 11.2 Answers to quiz 11.2 Chapter summary Glossary References 12 - Gender and sex differences in addiction Introduction Learning objectives Differentiating sex from gender Gender differences in drug use patterns Animal studies assessing sex differences in addiction-like behaviors Physiological and behavioral drug effects Voluntary oral consumption Acquisition and maintenance of drug self-administration Motivation to self-administer drug Escalation of drug self-administration Behavioral economic measures of self-administration Conditioned place preference (CPP) Extinction of drug preference Relapse-like behavior Quiz 12.1 Answers to quiz 12.1 Gender/sex as a moderating variable Potential causes of gender/sex differences in drug sensitivity Biological factors Hormonal Influences Neurobiological Differences Sociocultural factors Drug use in sexual/gender minority individuals Experiment Spotlight: Minority stress and alcohol use in sexual minority women's daily lives (Lewis et al.272) Answers to questions: Quiz 12.2 Answers to quiz 12.2 Chapter summary Glossary References V - Epilogue 13 - Beyond substance use disorders: Behavioral addictions Introduction Learning objectives What's considered a behavioral addiction? Comorbid disorders observed in behavioral addictions Learning and cognitive mechanisms underlying behavioral addictions Operant and Pavlovian conditioning Experiment Spotlight: Attentional bias to high-calorie food in binge eaters with high shape/weight concern (Seo and Lee53) Questions to consider: Answers to questions: Cognitive biases Maladaptive decision making and memory impairments Quiz 13.1 Answers to quiz 13.1 Risk factors associated with behavioral addictions Personality traits Peer and familial influences Sociocultural factors Gender and sexual/gender identity Stress Neurobiological underpinnings of behavioral addictions Brain regions implicated in behavioral addictions Neurotransmitters implicated in behavioral addictions Incentive sensitization theory revisited Genetic associations Treatment interventions for behavioral addictions Quiz 13.2 Answers to quiz 13.2 Chapter summary Glossary References Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W Back Cover