Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-Verbal Children : Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London on April 1–3, 1985, Sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities As Advised by the Committed on Med

Over the past few years there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the normal development of vision and in our ability to detect and meaSl1re visual impairment in early childhood. It was appropriate, therefore, that a workshop, sponsored by the European Communities, should be held on the 'Detection and Measurement of Visual Impairment in Pre-verbal Children.' This workshop, which was held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London, between 1 and 3 April 1985, brought together visual physiologists and ophthalmologists who exchanged and discussed ideas of mutual interest. After an introductory session when the normal development of vision and the causes of visual impairment were reviewed, there were sessions devoted to the theoretical aspects of electrophysiological and psychophysical tests, the measurement of visual acuity in pre-verbal children, the measurement of other visual functions, and visual screening of pre-verbal children. This volume contains the papers presented at the workshop, and transcripts of the various discl1ssions that took place. It was a measure of the success of the workshop that participants from several different disciplines were able to have fruitful discussions and to suggest areas of common interest where collaborative ventures could usefully be pursued. It is hoped that this venture will be followed by others where a mul ti­ disciplinary approach will improve both our knowledge of visual handicap in childhood and our management of this important group of sensorily impaired children. Front Matter....Pages I-XIII Organization, Development and Early Manipulations of Primate’s Visual Pathways....Pages 1-13 Ocular Growth and the Normal Development of Vision Clinical Aspects....Pages 14-26 Genetic Causes of Visual Impairment in Childhood....Pages 27-37 Non-genetic Causes of Visual Impairment in Early Childhood....Pages 38-50 The Chanhing Aetiology of Visual Impairment in Early Childhool in Greece....Pages 51-59 Discussion....Pages 60-62 Development of Vision in Visually Impaired Children....Pages 63-66 Definitions of Visual Impairments and their Consequences in Infants and Small Children....Pages 67-71 Discussion....Pages 72-77 Theoretical Aspects of the Pattern ERG....Pages 78-83 Identification of First and Second Order Volterra Kernels for the Human Electroretinogram....Pages 84-95 Discussion....Pages 96-98 Pattern VEPs in very Young Infants....Pages 99-106 V.E.R. Testing of Cortical Binocularity and Pattern Detection in Infancy....Pages 107-115 Discussion....Pages 116-118 Visual Function in the Newborn Infant: Behavioural and Electrophysiological Studies....Pages 119-134 Discussion....Pages 135-137 Development of Separation-Ability of Contours during Childhood - Quantification of the Crowding Phenomenon in Amblyopia....Pages 138-145 Measurement of Visual Acuity in Young Children by a New Instrumrnt: Casimir....Pages 146-151 Discussion....Pages 152-153 Evaluation of Electrodiagnostic Tests in Children....Pages 154-158 The Pattern Reversal ERG and its Application to the Measurement of Infant Visual Acuity....Pages 159-163 Discussion....Pages 164-167 Measurement of Visual Acuity in Infants and Young Children by Visual Evoked Potentials....Pages 168-189 Discussion....Pages 190-191 Comparison of Rapid Procedures in Forced Choice Preferential Looking for Estimating Acuity in Infants and Young Children....Pages 192-200 Visual Crowding in Young Children....Pages 201-213 The Development of Preferential-Looking Visual Acuity in Human Infants. A Correlation with Animal Models....Pages 214-220 Preferential Looking Acuity in Normal and Neurologically Abnormal Infants and Pediatric Patients....Pages 221-229 Preferential Looking for the Detection of Early Amblyopia and Monitoring Early Therapy....Pages 230-238 Discussion....Pages 239-243 Computer Assisted Evaluation of Visual Functions in Non Verbal Children....Pages 244-251 Discussion....Pages 252-253 Visual Acuity Assessment with ‘Preferential Looking’ in Young Children Treated for Opacities of Lens and Vitreous; A Longitudinal Study....Pages 254-259 Refractive Changes and Retarded Visual Development in Aphakic Children After Operation for Congenital Cataract....Pages 260-267 Discussion....Pages 268-270 Albinism: An Anomaly of Maturation of the Visual Pathway....Pages 271-282 Discussion....Pages 283-284 Objective Evaluation of Binocular Cooperation in Normals and Strabismics by Means of Visual Evoked Responses....Pages 285-290 Discussion....Pages 291-293 Dark Adaptation Assessment in Childhood, Especially Early Childhood (Review)....Pages 294-302 Discussion....Pages 303-304 Visual Field Measurements, Optokinetic Nystagmus and the Visual Threatening Response: Normal and Abnormal Development....Pages 305-315 Discussion....Pages 316-317 Nasal Field Defects in Strabismic Amblyopia....Pages 318-326 Discussion....Pages 327-328 Apparent Blindness Due to Saccadic Paralysis or Delay....Pages 329-337 Discussion....Pages 338-339 Experience with our Present Screening Program....Pages 340-343 Early Detection of Visual Disorders in Health Centres in Young Children....Pages 344-346 Discussion....Pages 347-350 Problems of Screening and its Implications to the Orthoptic Service in West Berkshire....Pages 351-355 Discussion....Pages 356-362 Rapid Assessment of Visual Acuity in Infants and Children in a Clinical Setting, Using Acuity Cards....Pages 363-371 To What Extent is it Possible to Quantify Monocular or Binocular Visual Impairment in Pre-Verbal Children? Role of Clinical Signs and of Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Testing Techniques....Pages 372-375 Population Vision Screening and Individual Visual Assessment....Pages 376-391 Discussion....Pages 392-394 Final Discussion....Pages 395-403 Proceedings of a workshop held at the Institute of Ophthalmology, London, April 1-3, 1985, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities as advised by the Committee on Medical Research