Detection And Control Of Ganoderma Boninense In Oil Palm Crop (springerbriefs In Agriculture)

This Serves as an exclusive source of information BSR caused by __G. boninense.__ It is a valuable and a must reference and guide for planters, agricultural students, agronomists and all those working in the oil palm industry. The authors believe this book will complementing the existing books on different approaches in the similar field as this book will discuss in-depth details and guidance on controlling the BSR disease using biological means, which is the unique features of the book itself. This book compiles precise and detail information on current detection methods. Infection of __Ganoderma__ only appear at the very late stage of infection where more than 70% of the internal tissues have decayed, leaving no chance to cure the infected palms. Therefore, early detection of infected palms in advance of terminal symptoms is crucial. New approaches which has been proven possible to be conducted in field will be also provided. The key advantages of the reviewed detection methods are to help the readers to determine the best measure they could apply that suit their availability and accessibility. Oil palm is an international commodity used for food, household and industrial purposes. It is the world highest oil producer crop with potential yield capacity of 10 to 15 times higher compares to other oil crops planted on the same size of land. Increases in global demand for edible oil and biofuel, driven by the increasing population remains the main factor driving up the expansion of oil palm cultivation in South East Asia (SEA) countries and other region of the world. Currently, Malaysia and Indonesia are the two countries which contributed to 90% of the world’s palm oil export. Unfortunately, the oil palm industry in SEA is under threat of a devastating disease. This disease is known as Basal Stem Rot (BSR) which caused by a fungus, __Ganoderma boninense.__ In Malaysia alone, the economic loss caused by this disease was estimated between RM 225 million to RM 1.5 billion (up to 500 million USD) a year. With no known remedy at present, BSR disease continues to erode the profitability of the oil palm industry, and created a significant concern globally. This book is a joint effort by the authors whom are currently working actively on finding control methods of BSR disease in oil palm. With immense experience in the field, this book provides information with data backup covering both detection and control strategies of __Ganoderma.__ Many researchers have agreed that most of the failures to control this pathogen are due to the lack of knowledge about this pathogen. Hence, this book provides information on the pathogenic nature of __G. boninense.__ Prior understanding of the pathogen biology and their mode of infection provides the audience a new insight into BSR epidemiology that enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies. This book presents a detailed review on the control measures on BSR disease that is currently taken. These include cultural control that is practised most of the time, chemical control using formulated fungicidal and development of disease resistance variety. Focusing on a specific issue which need urgent attention with good supporting data, this book gives a more in depth information on the use of biological approaches in controlling __G. boninense__ to meet the current oil palm-environmental dilemmas and demand of more eco-friendly practices in the field. Biological agents have been proven to be successful in many different models. In this book, the proposed methods address combinations of biological control agents (BCA) to improve the limitations of single BCA application. The results presented are based on trials conducted all the ways from __in vitro__ to nursery and finally in the field (under the most commonly practiced agronomic practices). The 6 chapters in this book address many current issues in tackling the pathogen and development of sustainable disease managment programmes. There are, an introduction to the oil palm industry in global prespective and its future potential (Chapter 1), The pathogenic nature of __Ganoderma__ (Chapter 2), Current detection methods of __G. boninense__ which are sub-divided into Lab-based and Field detection methods (Chapter 3), Control methods of the pathogen, which covers cultural practices, chemical control, development of disease resistance and biological control (Chapter 4), Integrated control of __G. boninense__ using combination of biocontrol agents (Chapter 5) and finally an overview of the book content which summarize the discussed matters as well as suggest several recommendations for future research or improvement attempts (Chapter 6). Preface 6 Contents 8 1 Introduction 10 Abstract 10 1.1 World Oil Palm Industry 10 References 13 2 Pathogenic Nature of Ganoderma boninense and Basal Stem Rot Disease 14 Abstract 14 2.1 Biology and Epidemiology of G. boninense 14 2.2 Basal Stem Rot Disease 16 2.3 Symptoms and Disease Development 17 References 20 3 Current Detection Methods of G. boninense Infection in Oil Palm 22 Abstract 22 3.1 Lab-Based Detection Methods 22 3.1.1 Molecular Analysis 22 3.1.2 Biochemical Analysis 24 3.2 Field Detection Methods Using Devices 25 3.2.1 Tomography 25 3.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Sensors 25 3.2.3 Hyperspectral Reflectral Data 26 3.2.4 Ergosterol Detection Using Thin Layer Chromatography 26 3.3 Emerging Detection Methods 26 3.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 26 3.3.2 Ultrasonic 27 References 27 4 Control Methods of G. boninense in Oil Palm Industry 30 Abstract 30 4.1 Cultural Practices 30 4.1.1 Clean Clearing 30 4.1.2 Windrowing 31 4.1.3 Soil Mounding 31 4.1.4 Curative Surgery 31 4.1.5 Digging Trenches 32 4.1.6 Sanitation 32 4.2 Chemical Control 32 4.3 Development of Disease Resistance Variety 33 4.4 Biological Control 34 4.4.1 Bacteria as Biocontrol Agent Against G. boninense 35 4.4.2 Fungal as Biocontrol Agent Against G. boninense 35 4.4.3 Yeast as Biocontrol Agent Against G. boninense 36 4.5 Multi-biological Agent Concept in Controlling G. boninense 36 References 37 5 Control of G. boninense Using Multi-biological Agents 40 Abstract 40 5.1 Multi-biological Control Agents (Multi-BCAs) Without Addition of Additives 40 5.2 Organic Additives (Non-living Biostimulant) 46 5.2.1 Fulvic Acid and Humic Acid 46 5.2.2 Chitin 46 5.2.3 Amino Acid 47 5.3 Multi-biological Control Agents with Organic Additives 47 5.4 Multi-biological Control Agents with Humic and Fulvic Acid Additives 48 5.4.1 Multi-biological Control Agents with Chitin and Amino Acid Additives 50 References 53 6 General Conclusion 56 Index 58 Front Matter....Pages i-viii Introduction....Pages 1-4 Pathogenic Nature of Ganoderma boninense and Basal Stem Rot Disease....Pages 5-12 Current Detection Methods of G. boninense Infection in Oil Palm....Pages 13-20 Control Methods of G. boninense in Oil Palm Industry....Pages 21-30 Control of G. boninense Using Multi-biological Agents....Pages 31-46 General Conclusion....Pages 47-48 Back Matter....Pages 49-50