Detecting and Investigating Environmental Crime : The Case of Tjøme Island

This book discusses environmental crime and individual wrongdoing. It uses the theory of convenience throughout to examine financial motives, attractive opportunities, and personal willingness to explain deviant behavior. This book focusses primarily on the case study of the Island of Tjøme in Norway, an attractive resort where building permits were repeatedly granted to rich people in a protected zone along the shoreline. This book investigates how these crimes were detected and investigated by police over a few years with the help of whistleblowers. It discusses the interplay between the potentially corrupt public officials, professionals like architects and attorneys, and rich individuals, as an interesting and challenging arena for law enforcement. It covers attorneys' defense strategies, evaluates private internal policing, and provides insights for those investigating individuals involved in environmental crime. It also examines the Vest Tank toxic waste dumping case and the resulting explosion where unusually both the chairperson and the chief executive were successfully sentenced to prison because of environmental crime, unlike many other environmental crime cases where individuals avoid prison. The case studies are drawn from Norway to supplement more well-known case studies from the USA. Petter Gottschalk is Professor in the Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior at BI Norwegian Business School in Oslo, Norway. Dr. Gottschalk has published extensively on fraud examination, white-collar crime, and knowledge management. He has held Chief Executive positions in industry Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction Bibliography 2 Theory of Crime Convenience The Concept of Convenience Convenient Economic Motive Convenient Opportunity Structure Convenient Personal Willingness Structural Convenience Model Investigative Detection Journalism Bibliography 3 Vest Tank Case Study Toxic Waste on Trafigura Ship Environmental Crime Convenience Deductive Convenience Integration Trafigura Toxic Pollution Crime Escalation of Goal Commitment Bibliography 4 Tjøme Island Case Study The Island of Tjøme Convicted White-Collar Offender Potential White-Collar Suspects Bibliography 5 White-Collar Attorneys Criminal Justice System Avoidance Rich and Mighty on the Shoreline Convenient Loopholes for Mansions Elite Mobilization of Top Attorneys The Island of Tjøme in Norway Bibliography 6 Attorney Defense Strategies Three Defense Strategies Substance Defense Strategy Information Control Strategy Symbolic Defense Strategy Bibliography 7 Tjøme Investigation Start Fraud Examiners from BDO Police Investigation Characteristics Whistleblowers on Tjøme Island Support Team Starts Working Support Team First Findings Bibliography 8 Tjøme Investigation Progress Investigative Thinking Styles Avoiding Mansion Owners Search of Suspect Property Bibliography 9 Tjøme Investigation Conclusion Formal Prosecution Decision Investigating Mansion Owners My Lecture in the Municipality Preparing for Court Hearings Bibliography 10 Environmental Crime Perspectives Punishing Environmental Crime Green Criminology Perspectives Green Criminology Politics Green Criminology Research Bibliography 11 Private Internal Policing Fraud Investigation Reports Swedbank by Clifford Chance White-Collar Convenience Fraud Examination Outcome Private Policing Evaluation Fifa World Cup by Garcia White-Collar Convenience Fraud Examination Outcome Private Policing Evaluation Oceanteam Services by Sands White-Collar Convenience Fraud Examination Outcome Private Policing Evaluation Moldova Banks by Kroll White-Collar Convenience Fraud Examination Outcome Private Policing Evaluation Bibliography 12 CEO Crime Case Study Literature Review Research Method Research Results Accounting Fraud Bibliography 13 Conclusion Index