Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers (Artech House Microwave Library) (Artech House Microwave Library (Hardcover))

Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers Rasoul Dehghani, Isfahan University of Technology CMOS operational amplifiers (Op Amps) are one of the most important building blocks in many of today s integrated circuits. This cutting-edge volume provides you with an analytical method for designing CMOS Op Amp circuits, placing emphasis on the practical aspects of the design process. This unique book takes an in-depth look at CMOS differential amplifiers, explaining how they are the main part of all Op Amps. The book presents important details and a design method for the different architectures of single ended Op Amps. You find complete chapters dedicated to the critical issues of CMOS output stages, fully differential Op Amps, and CMOS reference generators. This comprehensive book also includes an introduction to CMOS technology and the basics of the physical aspects of MOS transistors, providing you with the foundation needed to fully master the material. Basic Specifications of Op Amps. CMOS Differential Amplifiers. CMOS Single-Ended Output Op Amps. CMOS Fully Differential Op Amps. CMOS Output Stages. CMOS Reference Generators. Microwave Library Design of CMOS Operational Amplifiers 1 Contents 6 Chapter 1 Basic Specifications of Op Amps 8 1.1 Op Amp Parameters 8 1.2 Conclusion 20 References 20 Chapter 2 CMOS Technology and Physics 22 2.1 Basic Processes in MOS Transistor Fabrication 22 2.2 Principles of MOS Transistor Functioning 24 2.2.1 MOS Transistor Operating in Saturation Region 24 2.2.2 MOS Transistor Operating in Subthreshold Regime 28 2.3 Small-Signal Model of MOS Device 28 2.3.1 Gate to Substrate Capacitance 31 2.3.2 Gate to Source/Drain Capacitance 33 2.3.3 Source/Drain to Bulk Capacitance 34 2.4 Conclusion 38 References 38 Chapter 3 CMOS Differential Amplifiers 40 3.1 Source-Coupled Differential Pair Characteristic 40 3.2 CMOS Differential Amplifier with Active Load 43 3.2.1 Large-Signal Characteristic of CMOS Differential Amplifier 43 3.2.2 Offset Voltage of CMOS Differential Amplifier 45 3.3 Common-Mode Behavior of CMOS Differential Amplifier 49 3.4 CMOS Differential Amplifier Frequency Response 50 3.5 Noise Calculations in CMOS Differential Amplifier 54 3.6 Conclusion 60 References 60 Chapter 4 CMOS Single-Ended Output Op Amps 62 4.1 CMOS Two-Stage Op Amp 62 4.1.1 Offset Voltage 63 4.1.2 Two-Stage Op Amp Frequency Response 66 4.1.3 CMOS Two-Stage Op Amp Design Procedure 72 4.1.4 PSRR of CMOS Two-Stage Op Amp 79 4.2 Telescopic Cascode Op Amp 90 4.3 Folded-Cascode Op Amp 93 4.4 Current Mirror Op Amp 97 4.5 Rail-to-Rail Input Op Amp 103 4.6 Conclusion 112 References 112 Chapter 5 CMOS Fully Differential Op Amps 114 5.1 Advantages of Fully Differential Op Amps 114 5.2 Common-Mode Feedback Concept 116 5.3 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits 118 5.3.1 Common-Mode Feedback Circuit with Resistive Sensing 119 5.3.2 Differential Difference Common-Mode Feedback Circuit 121 5.3.3 Common-Mode Feedback Circuit Using MOS Devices Operating in the Triode Region 125 5.3.4 Switched-Capacitor Common-Mode Feedback Circuit 126 5.4 Fully Differential CMOS Op Amp Architectures 130 5.4.1 Fully Differential Two-Stage Op Amp 130 5.4.2 Fully Differential Current Mirror Op Amp 134 5.4.3 Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Op Amp 136 5.5 Conclusion 141 References 141 Chapter 6 CMOS Output Stages 142 6.1 Class A and Class B Output Stages 142 6.1.1 Source-Follower as an Output Stage 142 6.1.2 Class B Power Amplifier 146 6.2 Drain-Coupled Complementary Transistors as Output Stage 149 6.3 Low-Voltage Class AB Buffer 156 6.4 Class AB Output Stage Using a Translinear Loop 160 6.5 Case Study 166 6.6 Conclusion 173 References 173 Chapter 7 CMOS Reference Generators 174 7.1 CMOS Voltage Reference Generators 174 7.1.1 Bandgap Voltage Reference Generator 175 7.1.2 Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference Generator 180 7.1.3 CMOS Voltage Reference Generator without Resistors 183 7.2 CMOS Current Reference Generators 187 7.2.1 Gm-Constant Circuit 189 7.2.2 Fully Integrated Precision CMOS Current Reference 193 7.2.3 CMOS Current Reference without Resistors 195 7.3 Conclusion 200 References 200 Index 202 978-1-60807-153-1;,CMOS;,Microwave;,Artech,House 978-1-60807-153-1,CMOS,Microwave,Artech House CMOS operational amplifiers (op amps) are one of the most important building blocks in many of today's integrated circuits. This cutting-edge volume provides professionals and students with an analytical method for designing CMOS op amp circuits, placing emphasis on the practical aspects of the design process. Readers take an in-depth look at CMOS differential amplifiers and learn why and how they serve as the main part of any op amp. This book presents important details and design methodologies for different architectures of single-ended op amps. Complete chapters are dedicated to the critical issues of CMOS output stages, fully differential op amps, and CMOS reference generators. Also included is an introduction to CMOS technology and a discussion of the basics of the physical aspects of MOS transistors, providing the foundation needed to fully master the material. Book jacket Chapter 1 Basic Specifications of Op Amps..............1 Chapter 2 CMOS Technology and Physics..............15 Chapter 3 CMOS Differential Amplifiers..............33 Chapter 4 CMOS SingleEnded Output Op Amps..............55 Chapter 5 CMOS Fully Differential Op Amps..............107