Design of buildings for wind : a practical guide for ASCE 7-10 standard users and designers of special structures

ASCE 7 is the US standard for identifying minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7 covers many load types, of which wind is one. The purpose of this book is to provide structural and architectural engineers with the practical state-of-the-art knowledge and tools needed for designing and retrofitting buildings for wind loads. The book will also cover wind-induced loss estimation. This new edition include a guide to the thoroughly revised, 2010 version of the ASCE 7 Standard provisions for wind loads; incorporate major advances achieved in recent years in the design of tall buildings for wind; present material on retrofitting and loss estimation; and improve the presentation of the material to increase its usefulness to structural engineers. Key features: * New focus on tall buildings helps make the analysis and design guidance easier and less complex. * Covers the new simplified design methods of ASCE 7-10, guiding designers to clearly understand the spirit and letter of the provisions and use the design methods with confidence and ease. * Includes new coverage of retrofitting for wind load resistance and loss estimation from hurricane winds. * Thoroughly revised and updated to conform with current practice and research. Content: Chapter 1 Overview (pages 1–5): Chapter 2 Asce 7?10 Wind Loading Provisions (pages 7–20): Chapter 3 Regular and Simplified Approach: Risk Category, Basic Wind Speed, Enclosure, Exposure, Topographic Factor (pages 21–29): Chapter 4 Regular Approach: Steps Common to all Buildings/Other Structures (MWFRS and C&C) (pages 31–35): Chapter 5 Regular Approach: Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs (“Directional” Procedure), MWFRS (pages 37–56): Chapter 6 Regular Approach: Low?Rise Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs (“Envelope” Procedure), MWFRS (pages 57–63): Chapter 7 Regular Approach: Structures other than Buildings, MWFRS (pages 65–80): Chapter 8 Simplified Approach: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs (MWFRS) (pages 81–93): Chapter 9 Regular and Simplified Approaches: C&C (pages 95–106): Chapter 10 Atmospheric Circulations (pages 107–115): Chapter 11 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (pages 117–136): Chapter 12 Extreme Wind Speeds and Wind?Induced Effects (pages 137–161): Chapter 13 Bluff Body Aerodynamics Basics; Aerodynamic Testing (pages 163–184): Chapter 14 Structural Dynamics (pages 185–202): Chapter 15 Aeroelasticity (pages 203–215): Chapter 16 Structural Reliability under Wind Loading (pages 217–235): Chapter 17 Loss Estimation (pages 237–246): Chapter 18 Rigid Buildings (pages 247–260): Chapter 19 Tall Buildings (pages 261–285): Design of Buildings for Wind 3 Contents 7 Preface 13 Part I Introduction 17 1 Overview 19 Part II Guide to the ASCE 7-10 Standard Provisions on Wind Loads 23 2 Asce 7-10 Wind Loading Provisions 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 ASCE 7-10 Standard: An Overview 26 2.3 Organization of the Guide: Chapters 3 to 9 35 3 Regular and Simplified Approach: Risk Category, Basic Wind Speed, Enclosure, Exposure, Topographic Factor 37 3.1 Risk Category (ASCE Table 1.5-1) 37 3.2 Basic Wind Speed V (ASCE Sect. 26.5, ASCE Figs. 26.5.-1a, b, c) 38 3.3 Enclosure Classification (ASCE Sects. 26.2 and 26.10) 39 3.4 Exposure Category (ASCE Sect. 26.7) 40 3.5 Topographic Factor Kzt (ASCE Sect. 26.8, ASCE Fig. 26.8-1) 43 4 Regular Approach: Steps Common to all Buildings/Other Structures (MWFRS and C&C) 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Regular Approach: Steps Common to All Buildings and Other Structures (MWFRS and C&C) 48 5 Regular Approach: Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs (‘‘Directional’’ Procedure), MWFRS 53 5.1 Introduction 53 5.2 Regular Approach: Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings of All Heights, MWFRS 53 5.3 Regular Approach: Roof Overhangs and Parapets, MWFRS 69 5.4 Regular Approach: Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed Free Roofs, MWFRS 71 6 Regular Approach: Low-Rise Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs (‘‘Envelope’’ Procedure), MWFRS 73 6.1 Net Pressures on Walls and Roof 73 6.2 Comparison Between Results Based on ASCE Sects. 27.4.1 and 28.4.1 78 6.3 Regular Approach: Parapets and Roof Overhangs, MWFRS 79 7 Regular Approach: Structures Other Than Buildings, MWFRS 81 7.1 Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs 81 7.2 Open Signs, Lattice Frameworks, Trussed Towers 85 7.3 Chimneys, Tanks, Rooftop Equipment, and Similar Structures 90 7.4 Solid Attached Signs 91 7.5 Rooftop Structures and Equipment on Buildings 93 8 Simplified Approach: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs(MWFRS) 97 8.1 Simplified Approach: Class 1 Buildings, Walls and Roof, MWFRS 97 8.2 Simplified Approach: Parapets, MWFRS 101 8.3 Simplified Approach: Roof Overhangs, MWFRS 101 8.4 Simplified Approach: Class 2 Buildings, Walls and Roof, MWFRS 102 8.5 Simplified Approach: Simple Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings, MWFRS 106 9 Regular and Simplified Approaches: C&C 111 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Regular Approach 111 9.3 Simplified Approaches 121 Part III Wind Engineering Fundamentals 123 10 Atmospheric Circulations 125 10.1 Atmospheric Hydrodynamics 125 10.2 Windstorms 129 11 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 133 11.1 Wind Speeds and Averaging Times 134 11.2 Wind Speed Profiles 137 11.3 Atmospheric Turbulence 146 12 Extreme Wind Speeds and Wind-Induced Effects 153 12.1 Wind Speed Data 154 12.2 Cumulative Distributions, Exceedance Probabilities, Mean Recurrence Intervals 157 12.3 Parametric Estimates of N-Year Wind Speeds; Closed Form Estimators; Software 159 12.4 Probabilistic Estimates of Wind Effects Based on Nondirectional and Directional Wind Speed Data 165 12.5 Development of Directional Databases of Hurricane Wind Speeds 169 12.6 Development of Directional Databases of Non-Hurricane Wind Speeds 171 12.7 Non-Parametric Statistics, Application to One-Dimensional Time Series 173 12.8 Error Estimates 175 13 Bluff Body Aerodynamics Basics; Aerodynamic Testing 179 13.1 Introduction 179 13.2 Bluff Body Aerodynamics 179 13.3 Aerodynamic Testing 189 13.4 Low-Frequency Turbulence and Aerodynamic Pressures on Residential Homes 199 14 Structural Dynamics 201 14.1 Introduction 201 14.2 The Single-Degree-of Freedom Linear System 202 14.3 Continuously Distributed Linear Systems 206 14.4 Time Domain Solutions for Three-Dimensional Dynamic Response 215 15 Aeroelasticity 219 15.1 Introduction 219 15.2 Vortex-Induced Oscillations 221 15.3 Galloping 222 15.4 Flutter 226 16 Structural Reliability Under Wind Loading 233 16.1 Introduction 233 16.2 First-Order Second-Moment Approach, Load and Resistance Factors 236 16.3 Dependence of Wind Effects on Wind Directionality 241 16.4 Structural Strength Reserve 242 16.5 Design Criteria for Multi-Hazard Regions 244 16.6 Individual Uncertainties and Overall Uncertainty in the Estimation of Wind Effects 245 16.7 Calibration of Design MRIs in the Presence of Dynamic Effects or of Large Knowledge Uncertainties 248 17 Loss Estimation 253 17.1 Introduction 253 17.2 Elements of Damage Estimation Procedures 254 17.3 Loss Estimation 261 Part IV Wind Effects on Buildings 263 18 Rigid Buildings 265 18.1 Introduction 265 18.2 Database-Assisted Design (DAD) 268 18.3 Wind Directionality Effects 274 18.4 Uncertainties in the Estimation of Wind Effects 275 19 Tall Buildings 277 19.1 Introduction 277 19.2 High-Frequency Force Balance Approach (HFFB) 279 19.3 Aeroelastic Effects. Testing Based on Strain Measurements 281 19.4 Database-Assisted Design 285 19.5 Serviceability Requirements 294 19.6 Preliminary Estimates of Flexible Building Response 295 Part V Appendices 303 Appendix A1 Random Processes 305 A1.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Integrals 306 A1.2 Parseval’s Equality 307 A1.3 Spectral Density Function of a Random Stationary Signal 308 A1.4 Autocorrelation Function of a Random Stationary Signal 309 A1.5 Cross-Covariance Function, Co-Spectrum, Quadrature Spectrum, Coherence 311 A1.6 Mean Upcrossing and Outcrossing Rate for a Gaussian Process 312 A1.7 Probability Distribution of the Peak Value of a Normally Distributed Random Signal 313 A1.8 Probability Distribution of the Peak Value of a Non-Gaussian Random Signal 314 Appendix A2 Mean Wind Profiles and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth 317 A2.1 Equations of Balance of Momenta within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 317 A2.2 The Turbulent Ekman Layer 318 Appendix A3 Spectra of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations, Kolmogorov Hypotheses 323 Appendix A4 Wind Directionality Effects, Outcrossing and Sector-By-Sector Approaches 327 A4.1 Approach Based on the Outcrossing of the Limit-State Boundary 327 A4.2 The Sector-By-Sector Approach [18-10] 329 Appendix A5 Report on Estimation of Wind Effects on the World Trade Center Towers 331 References 339 Index 349 Design of Buildings for Wind......Page 3 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 13 Part I Introduction......Page 17 1 Overview......Page 19 Part II Guide to the ASCE 7-10 Standard Provisions on Wind Loads......Page 23 2.1 Introduction......Page 25 2.2 ASCE 7-10 Standard: An Overview......Page 26 2.3 Organization of the Guide: Chapters 3 to 9......Page 35 3.1 Risk Category (ASCE Table 1.5-1)......Page 37 3.2 Basic Wind Speed V (ASCE Sect. 26.5, ASCE Figs. 26.5.-1a, b, c)......Page 38 3.3 Enclosure Classification (ASCE Sects. 26.2 and 26.10)......Page 39 3.4 Exposure Category (ASCE Sect. 26.7)......Page 40 3.5 Topographic Factor Kzt (ASCE Sect. 26.8, ASCE Fig. 26.8-1)......Page 43 4.1 Introduction......Page 47 4.2 Regular Approach: Steps Common to All Buildings and Other Structures (MWFRS and C&C)......Page 48 5.2 Regular Approach: Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Buildings of All Heights, MWFRS......Page 53 5.3 Regular Approach: Roof Overhangs and Parapets, MWFRS......Page 69 5.4 Regular Approach: Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed Free Roofs, MWFRS......Page 71 6.1 Net Pressures on Walls and Roof......Page 73 6.2 Comparison Between Results Based on ASCE Sects. 27.4.1 and 28.4.1......Page 78 6.3 Regular Approach: Parapets and Roof Overhangs, MWFRS......Page 79 7.1 Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs......Page 81 7.2 Open Signs, Lattice Frameworks, Trussed Towers......Page 85 7.3 Chimneys, Tanks, Rooftop Equipment, and Similar Structures......Page 90 7.4 Solid Attached Signs......Page 91 7.5 Rooftop Structures and Equipment on Buildings......Page 93 8.1 Simplified Approach: Class 1 Buildings, Walls and Roof, MWFRS......Page 97 8.3 Simplified Approach: Roof Overhangs, MWFRS......Page 101 8.4 Simplified Approach: Class 2 Buildings, Walls and Roof, MWFRS......Page 102 8.5 Simplified Approach: Simple Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings, MWFRS......Page 106 9.2 Regular Approach......Page 111 9.3 Simplified Approaches......Page 121 Part III Wind Engineering Fundamentals......Page 123 10.1 Atmospheric Hydrodynamics......Page 125 10.2 Windstorms......Page 129 11 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer......Page 133 11.1 Wind Speeds and Averaging Times......Page 134 11.2 Wind Speed Profiles......Page 137 11.3 Atmospheric Turbulence......Page 146 12 Extreme Wind Speeds and Wind-Induced Effects......Page 153 12.1 Wind Speed Data......Page 154 12.2 Cumulative Distributions, Exceedance Probabilities, Mean Recurrence Intervals......Page 157 12.3 Parametric Estimates of N-Year Wind Speeds; Closed Form Estimators; Software......Page 159 12.4 Probabilistic Estimates of Wind Effects Based on Nondirectional and Directional Wind Speed Data......Page 165 12.5 Development of Directional Databases of Hurricane Wind Speeds......Page 169 12.6 Development of Directional Databases of Non-Hurricane Wind Speeds......Page 171 12.7 Non-Parametric Statistics, Application to One-Dimensional Time Series......Page 173 12.8 Error Estimates......Page 175 13.2 Bluff Body Aerodynamics......Page 179 13.3 Aerodynamic Testing......Page 189 13.4 Low-Frequency Turbulence and Aerodynamic Pressures on Residential Homes......Page 199 14.1 Introduction......Page 201 14.2 The Single-Degree-of Freedom Linear System......Page 202 14.3 Continuously Distributed Linear Systems......Page 206 14.4 Time Domain Solutions for Three-Dimensional Dynamic Response......Page 215 15.1 Introduction......Page 219 15.2 Vortex-Induced Oscillations......Page 221 15.3 Galloping......Page 222 15.4 Flutter......Page 226 16.1 Introduction......Page 233 16.2 First-Order Second-Moment Approach, Load and Resistance Factors......Page 236 16.3 Dependence of Wind Effects on Wind Directionality......Page 241 16.4 Structural Strength Reserve......Page 242 16.5 Design Criteria for Multi-Hazard Regions......Page 244 16.6 Individual Uncertainties and Overall Uncertainty in the Estimation of Wind Effects......Page 245 16.7 Calibration of Design MRIs in the Presence of Dynamic Effects or of Large Knowledge Uncertainties......Page 248 17.1 Introduction......Page 253 17.2 Elements of Damage Estimation Procedures......Page 254 17.3 Loss Estimation......Page 261 Part IV Wind Effects on Buildings......Page 263 18.1 Introduction......Page 265 18.2 Database-Assisted Design (DAD)......Page 268 18.3 Wind Directionality Effects......Page 274 18.4 Uncertainties in the Estimation of Wind Effects......Page 275 19.1 Introduction......Page 277 19.2 High-Frequency Force Balance Approach (HFFB)......Page 279 19.3 Aeroelastic Effects. Testing Based on Strain Measurements......Page 281 19.4 Database-Assisted Design......Page 285 19.5 Serviceability Requirements......Page 294 19.6 Preliminary Estimates of Flexible Building Response......Page 295 Part V Appendices......Page 303 Appendix A1 Random Processes......Page 305 A1.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Integrals......Page 306 A1.2 Parseval’s Equality......Page 307 A1.3 Spectral Density Function of a Random Stationary Signal......Page 308 A1.4 Autocorrelation Function of a Random Stationary Signal......Page 309 A1.5 Cross-Covariance Function, Co-Spectrum, Quadrature Spectrum, Coherence......Page 311 A1.6 Mean Upcrossing and Outcrossing Rate for a Gaussian Process......Page 312 A1.7 Probability Distribution of the Peak Value of a Normally Distributed Random Signal......Page 313 A1.8 Probability Distribution of the Peak Value of a Non-Gaussian Random Signal......Page 314 A2.1 Equations of Balance of Momenta within the Atmospheric Boundary Layer......Page 317 A2.2 The Turbulent Ekman Layer......Page 318 Appendix A3 Spectra of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations, Kolmogorov Hypotheses......Page 323 A4.1 Approach Based on the Outcrossing of the Limit-State Boundary......Page 327 A4.2 The Sector-By-Sector Approach [18-10]......Page 329 Appendix A5 Report on Estimation of Wind Effects on the World Trade Center Towers......Page 331 References......Page 339 Index......Page 349 "ASCE 7 is the US standard for identifying minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7 covers many load types, of which wind is one. The purpose of this book is to provide structural and architectural engineers with the practical state-of-the-art knowledge and tools needed for designing and retrofitting buildings for wind loads. The book will also cover wind-induced loss estimation. This new edition include a guide to the thoroughly revised, 2010 version of the ASCE 7 Standard provisions for wind loads; incorporate major advances achieved in recent years in the design of tall buildings for wind; present material on retrofitting and loss estimation; and improve the presentation of the material to increase its usefulness to structural engineers.Key features: New focus on tall buildings helps make the analysis and design guidance easier and less complex. Covers the new simplified design methods of ASCE 7-10, guiding designers to clearly understand the spirit and letter of the provisions and use the design methods with confidence and ease. Includes new coverage of retrofitting for wind load resistance and loss estimation from hurricane winds. Thoroughly revised and updated to conform with current practice and research. "-- "The purpose of this book is to provide structural and architectural engineers with the practical state-of-the-art knowledge and tools needed for designing and retrofitting buildings for wind loads. The book will also cover wind-induced loss estimation. This new edition include a guide to the thoroughly revised, 2010 version of the ASCE 7 Standard provisions for wind loads; incorporate major advances achieved in recent years in the design of tall buildings for wind; present material on retrofitting and loss estimation; and improve the presentation of the material to increase its usefulness to structural engineers"-- Machine generated contents note: Preface.Chapter 1. Introduction.Part A. Guide to the ASCE 7-10 Standard Provisions on Wind Loads.Chapter 2. ASCE 7-10 Wind Loading Provisions.Chapter 3. Regular and Simplified Approach: Risk Category, Basic Wind Speed, Enclosure, Exposure, Topographic Factor.Chapter 4. Regular Approach: Steps Common to All Building/Other Structures, MWFRS and C&C.Chapter 5. Regular Approach: Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs ("Directional" Procedure). MWFRS.Chapter 6. Regular Approach: Low-Rise Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs ("Envelope" Procedure). MWFRS.Chapter 7. Regular Approach: Structures Other Than Buildings. MWFRS.Chapter 8. Simplified Approach: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings, Parapets, Overhangs. MWFRS.Chapter 9. Regular and Simplified Approach: C&C.Part B. Wind Engineering Fundamentals.Chapter 10. Atmospheric Circulations.Chapter 11. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer.Chapter 12. Extreme Wind Speeds and Wind-Induced Effects.Chapter 13. Bluff Body Aerodynamics Basics. Aerodynamic Testing.Chapter 14. Structural Dynamics.Chapter 15. Aeroelasticity.Chapter 16. Structural Reliability Under Wind Loading.Chapter 17. Loss Estimation.Part C. Wind Effects on Buildings.Chapter 18. Rigid Buildings.Chapter 19. Tall Buildings.Part D. Appendixes.Appendix A1. Random Processes.Appendix A2. Mean Wind Profiles and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth.Appendix A3. Spectra of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations. Kolmogorov Hypothses.Appendix A4. Wind Directionality Effects, Outcrossing and Sector-by-Sector Approaches.Appendix A5. Report on Estimation of Wind Effects on the World Trade Center Towers.References. .

ASCE 7 is the US standard for identifying minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7 covers many load types, of which wind isone. The purpose of thisbook is to provide structural and architectural engineers with the practical state-of-the-art knowledge and tools needed for designing and retrofitting buildings for wind loads. The book will also cover wind-induced loss estimation.This new editioninclude a guide to the thoroughly revised, 2010 version of the ASCE 7 Standard provisions for wind loads; incorporate major advances achieved in recent years in the design of tall buildings for wind; present material on retrofitting and loss estimation; and improve the presentation of the material to increase its usefulness to structural engineers.

Key features:

• New focus on tall buildings helps make the analysis and design guidance easier and less complex.
  
• Covers the new simplified design methods of ASCE 7-10, guiding designers to clearly understand the spirit and letter of the provisions and use the design methods with confidence and ease.
  
• Includes new coverage of retrofitting for wind load resistance and loss estimation from hurricane winds.
  
• Thoroughly revised and updated to conform with current practice and research.