Design for Health: Proceedings of the UIA World Congress of Architects Copenhagen 2023 (Sustainable Development Goals Series)

The book provides new perspectives from leading researchers accentuating and examining the central role of the built environment in conceiving and implementing multifaceted solutions to the complex challenges of physical and mental health, revealing critical potentials for architecture and design to contribute in more informed and long-term ways to the urgent transition of our society. The volume book offers a compilation of peer-reviewed papers that uniquely connects knowledge and criticality broadly across practice and academia; from new technologies, theories, and methods to community -engaged practice on many scales, and more. The book is part of a series of six volumes that explore the agency of the built environment in relation to the SDGs through new research conducted by leading researchers. The series is led by editors Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen and Martin Tamke in collaboration with the theme editors: - Design for Climate Adaptation: Billie Faircloth and Maibritt Pedersen Zari- Design for Rethinking Resources: Carlo Ratti and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen (Eds.)- Design for Resilient Communities: Anna Rubbo and Juan Du (Eds.)- Design for Health: Arif Hasan and Christian Benimana (Eds.)- Design for Inclusivity: Magda Mostafa and Ruth Baumeister (Eds.)- Design for Partnerships for Change: Sandi Hilal and Merve Bedir (Eds.) Scientific Committee General Reporter, Alternate General Reporter Panel Chairs Special Advisors Peer Review Committee Preface Introduction Platform Vision Critical Positions Perspective References Editorial Design for Health Part I: Land, Water, Economy and Health Part II: Health as Consequence of Design Part III: COVID-19 Part IV: Planning for Healthy Environments Part V: Healing through Design and Academic Research Contents Land, Water, Economy and Health 1 Urban Regeneration and Green Spaces System: São Paulo Metropolitan Area Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Green Spaces System 1.3 Urban Evolution and Infrastructures 1.4 Environmental Fragility 1.6 Methods 1.7 Final Comments References 2 Water Efficiency Strategies for Improving Sustainability in Social Housing: Comparative Analysis Between Cairo and São-Paulo Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methodology 2.3 Case Study 1—New-Cairo Social Housing Project in Cairo, Egypt 2.3.1 Water Efficiency Assessment of New-Cairo Social Housing Project 2.3.2 Opportunities for Improving Water Efficiency in New-Cairo Social Housing Project 2.4 Case Study 2—Paraisópolis Social Housing Project in São-Paulo, Brazil 2.4.1 Water Efficiency Assessment of Paraisópolis Social Housing Project 2.4.2 Opportunities for Improving Water Efficiency in Paraisópolis Social Housing Project 2.5 Results 2.6 Discussion 2.7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 3 Sustainable Infrastructure and Water Strategies for a Resilient Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Diagnosis and Urgent Urban Interventions for Addis Ababa 3.2.1 Lack of Mobility 3.2.2 Flooding 3.2.3 Pollution 3.2.4 Water Scarcity 3.2.5 Lack of Facilities 3.3 a Strategic Plan for the Upper Kebena River and Kazanchis Neighborhood 3.4 Revitalizing the Meander, a Holistic Urban and Architectural Design 3.5 Conclusion References 4 New Water Village Planning Model: Preserving Ocean Biodiversity for Community’s Health and Well-Being Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Materials 4.3 Methods 4.4 Results 4.5 Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgements References 5 Age Distribution and Accessibility to Green Areas in the City of Copenhagen Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.2.1 Benefits of Green Spaces 5.2.2 Densification 5.2.3 Accessibility and Proximity 5.2.4 The Elderly and Green Spaces 5.2.5 Children and Green Spaces 5.2.6 Copenhagen Demographic Development 5.2.7 Copenhagen Green Space Policy 5.3 Methodology 5.4 Results 5.4.1 Distribution of Green Spaces 5.4.2 Green Spaces and Age Distribution 5.5 Discussion 5.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 6 Study on the Complexity of Urban Waterfront Interface from the Perspective of Restorative Experience Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Urban Waterfronts and Restorative Experiences 6.1.2 Description and Quantitative Assessment of Complexity of Urban Waterfront Cities 6.2 Materials and Method 6.2.1 Samples 6.2.2 Data Collecting 6.2.3 Measure Complexity of Urban Waterfront Interface 6.2.3.1 Skyline Silhouette Complexity 6.2.3.2 Variance in Building Facades 6.2.3.3 Interface Color 6.2.4 Procedure 6.3 Results 6.3.1 The Level of Restorative Experience 6.3.2 Exploring the Key Complexity Factors of Urban Waterfront Interface 6.3.3 The Support Capacity of Key Complexity Factors to People’s Restorative Experience 6.3.4 Supplementary Analysis Combined with Internal Environment Elements of Hydrophilic Space 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 The Key Complexity Factors and Their Effect 6.4.2 Quantitative Analysis Methods from the Human-Based Perspective 6.4.3 Guidance to Healthy Urban Waterfront Environment Development Based on Quantitative Analysis 6.5 Conclusion References 7 Health, the Circular Economy, and Our Built Environment Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Lifting the Veil: Covid-19 7.2 Literature Review 7.2.1 Resilience by Way of Industrial Innovation 7.2.2 Circular Economy 7.2.2.1 Circular Economy and Benefits for Human Health 7.3 Rapid Review Methods 7.3.1 Rapid Review 7.3.1.1 Research Question 7.3.1.2 Search Parameter Definition 7.3.1.3 Bias Identification 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Search Execution 7.4.1.1 Search Screening and Selection 7.4.2 Results Appraisal 7.4.3 Synthesis of Evidence 7.5 Discussion 7.6 Conclusion References Health as Consequence of Design 8 Analysis of Spatial Elements Affecting Human Thermal Perception and Thermal Landscape Design Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Design and Thermal Perception 8.2.1 Materials, Color, and Thermal Perception 8.2.2 Shape, Scale, and Thermal Perception 8.2.3 Nature, Human Flow, and Thermal Perception 8.3 Construction Method of Thermal Landscape 8.3.1 Space Combination 8.3.2 Site Gathering 8.3.3 Diversified Composition 8.3.4 Potential for Energy Savings 8.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 9 Design as Loom: Interweaving Health with Nurturing Care. A Visual Essay on Two Early Childhood Development Centres in Eastern Zambia as Architectures of Health Abstract 9.1 Introduction and Position References 10 The Effect of the Front Porch and Loft on Natural Ventilation of the Main House in Beijing Courtyard Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.2.1 Comparative Case Study Through Simulation 10.2.2 Simulation Methods 10.2.3 Simulated Cases 10.3 Results 10.3.1 Effect of the Front Porch 10.3.2 Effect of the Loft 10.4 Discussion 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Cities Designed in Human Scale Make Healthier and Happier Societies: A Visual Essay Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Comparative Analysis of Daily Life in Traditional Neighborhoods Versus High-Rise Gated Communities of Kolkata 11.3 Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgements References 12 Designing a Rehabilitation Center for People with Physical Disabilities: Social Sustainability-Climatic Approach Interaction in Tehran Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Literature Review 12.2.1 What Is Disability? 12.2.2 Sustainable Architecture 12.2.3 Social Sustainability 12.2.4 Social Sustainability in Architecture 12.2.5 Sustainability and Designing Based on Climate 12.2.6 Tehran Climate 12.2.6.1 Temperature 12.2.6.2 Relative Humidity 12.2.6.3 Wind 12.2.6.4 Comfort Zone 12.2.6.5 Psychrometric Chart in Tehran 12.2.6.6 Analysis of Tehran Psychrometric Chart in the Cold Months of the Year 12.2.6.7 Analysis of Psychrometric Chart of Tehran in Hot Months of the Year 12.2.6.8 Adopting Appropriate Design Strategies in Tehran 12.2.6.9 Active Heating and Passive Solar Energy 12.2.6.10 Ventilation 12.2.6.11 Shading 12.2.6.12 4-Cold and Thermal Ground 12.3 Conclusion References 13 Using Co-benefits of Sustainable Building to Drive Net Zero Emissions in Southeast Asia: Findings of Two Evidence-Informed Stakeholder Dialogues Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Method 13.3 Results 13.3.1 Summary: First Stakeholder Dialogue 13.3.1.1 The Role of Narratives 13.3.1.2 Understanding the Context and Systems 13.3.1.3 A Multi-pronged and Multi-scale Approach Is Required 13.3.1.4 Opportunities in the Asia–Pacific Region 13.3.1.5 Knowledge Gaps 13.3.2 Summary: Second Stakeholder Dialogue 13.3.2.1 Priorities for Developing the Stakeholder Group’s Shared Agenda 13.3.2.2 Ideas and Opportunities 13.3.2.3 Insights for Developing Shared Work Specific to Indonesia 13.4 Discussion References 14 The Thermal Indoor Environment of Danish Detached Houses—Past, Present and Future Abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Where Did We Go Wrong? Danish Building Regulations of the Past 60 Years 14.1.2 From One Indoor Environmental Challenge to Another 14.1.3 Indoor Overheating and Health Effects 14.1.4 Overheating of Danish Houses 14.1.5 Climate Change and Thermal Indoor Environment 14.1.6 The Gap Between Measured and Perceived Indoor Environment 14.1.7 Renovation or Demolition 14.1.8 Indoor Environmental Retrofit 14.1.9 Research Methods 14.2 Discussion 14.3 Conclusions Acknowledgements References COVID-19 15 Place Attachment and Community Impacts of 24-H Convenience Stores: A Case Study in the Central City of Nanjing, China Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methods 15.2.1 Theoretical Analyzing Framework 15.2.2 Research Area and Data Collection 15.3 Results 15.3.1 Spatial Characteristics of Convenience Stores 15.3.2 Place Attachment of Residents 15.4 Conclusions and Discussions References 16 Sustainable Housing Provision in Post COVID-19 Era in the Developing World: Challenges for the Architects Abstract 16.1 Background 16.2 Conceptualization and Review of the Literature: Housing and Public Health 16.3 Methods 16.3.1 Urbanization in the Developing World 16.3.2 Housing Problems 16.4 Results 16.4.1 Challenges for the Architects in Post COVID-19 Era 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Impact of Environmental Design Changes on Primary Healthcare Services in Mohalla Clinics During COVID-19: Findings from a Rapid Ethnographic Study Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials and Methods 17.3 Result 17.3.1 Floor Plans 17.3.2 Workflow 17.3.3 Door and Window Service 17.3.4 Waiting Space 17.3.5 Ventilation 17.4 Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgements References 18 Research on Resilience Regeneration of Old Community in the Post COVID-19 Era—A Case Study of Factory Community in Harbin Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Theoretical 18.2.1 Literature Review of Community Resilience 18.2.2 Theoretical Framework 18.3 Practical 18.3.1 Case Study Area and Basic Information 18.3.2 Plan of Survey 18.3.3 Behavioral Change in the Context of the Epidemic 18.4 Methodological 18.4.1 Research Method 18.4.2 Evaluation Results 18.4.3 Priority Resilience Issues Judgment 18.4.4 Spatial Design of Resilience Regeneration 18.5 Conclusion References 19 24 H of Happiness: A Child-Initiated COVID-19 Response to Reopen Schools, Mitigate Prolonged School Closures and Rebuild Resilient School Communities Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Emerging Culture of Codesign and Collaboration 19.2 Method and Process 19.2.1 Ground Zero—Starting Point 19.2.2 Orienting the Community Through an Integrated Framework for Action 19.2.3 School Preparedness 19.2.4 Codesign Workshops 19.2.5 School Reopen Blueprint—An Attempt to Rebuild Friendships 19.2.6 Executing with Core Team 19.2.7 Democracy Hour 19.2.8 School Database 19.2.9 Safety, Sustainability and Friendships 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.4 Limitations 19.5 Conclusion References Planning for Healthy Environments 20 VARCITIES EU Project: Visionary Nature-Based Actions for Health, Well-Being and Resilience in Cities Abstract 21 Tools to Promote Physical, Mental and Social Well-Being in the Built Environment-Takeaways from the Development Project ‘the Urban Health Culture of the Future’ Abstract 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Urbanisation Challenges, Our Urban Health 21.1.2 The Urban Health Culture of the Future 21.1.3 Takeaways: Excerpts from the Tools 21.2 Equal Opportunities for Well-Being 21.2.1 Create Interdisciplinary Visions that Commit 21.2.2 Make Explicit Demands 21.2.3 Form Partnerships and Alliances and Invite More Actors in 21.2.4 Plan Holistically Across Scales, Needs, and Sectors 21.3 Take a Needs-Based Approach to Ensure Quality of Life for All 21.3.1 Remember the Mental and Social Needs 21.3.2 Create Space for Everyone, the Many and the Few 21.4 Demand Co-creation 21.4.1 Prioritise the Social Architecture of the Place—No One Can Create Communities Alone 21.4.2 Create Communities of Action and Strengthen Co-creation 21.4.3 Reinforce the Temporary and Create Space for the Unplanned 21.5 Use Urban Nature as an Active Resource 21.5.1 Put Urban Nature on the Agenda 21.5.2 Work with Landscape-Based Infrastructure and Hybrid Solutions 21.5.3 Design Safe, Peaceful, and Wild Green Spaces—All year Round 21.6 Plan for Everyday Movement and Physical Activity 21.6.1 Mix up the City and Pave the Way for an Active Movement Culture 21.6.2 Create Local and Social Recreational Opportunities for All, Regardless of Background 21.7 Build on Theory and Knowledge and Invite Researchers in 21.7.1 Use Theory as Inspiration for Innovation 21.7.2 Get the Hard Facts on the Table to Ensure Political Prioritisation 21.7.3 Invite Researchers in—From Start to Evaluation 21.7.4 Set-up an Independent Council and Get a “Second Opinion” References 22 Healthy Cities Make Healthy People and Healthy Planet Abstract 22.1 “Cities Are More Important for Health Than Hospitals” 22.2 Healthy Cities Require a Comprehensive Approach 22.3 Cleverly Participatory City 22.4 Healthy City and Regions = Planet in Balance 22.5 Compact and Nearby City 22.6 Green and Biodiverse City 22.7 Inclusionary City 22.8 Well-Connected and Walkable City 22.9 City of Memory, City with Future 22.10 Conclusion References 23 Restorative Perceptions of Different Urban Residential Environments in Different Seasons in the Severe Cold Area: A Case Study in Harbin, China Abstract 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Methods 23.2.1 Stimuli 23.2.2 Measurement of Restorative Perceptions and Seasonal Variability 23.2.3 Data Analysis 23.3 Results 23.3.1 Data Analysis 23.3.2 Effects of the Environmental Elements on Restorative Perceptions 23.3.3 Effects of the Environmental Elements on Four Restorative Qualities 23.4 Discussion 23.4.1 Seasonality in Restorative Perceptions of the Outdoor Environment 23.4.2 Relationship between environmental elements in residentials and restorative perceptions 23.4.3 Relationship Between Residential Policies and Restorative Perception 23.4.4 Limitations and Future Research 23.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 24 Planning Response of Urban Community Governance in China from the Perspective of Prevention and Control of Children’s Mental Health Risks Abstract 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Characteristics of Mental Health Risks of Children at Different Ages 24.2.1 Mental Health Risks of Preschool Children 24.2.2 Mental Health Risks of School-Age Children 24.3 Community Environment Influencing Factors of Children’s Mental Health Risks 24.3.1 Factors Affecting Physical Space 24.3.1.1 Physical Environment 24.3.1.2 Built Environment 24.3.1.3 Services and Commerce 24.3.2 Factors Affecting Humanities and Society 24.3.2.1 Family Environment 24.3.2.2 Neighbourhood Environment 24.4 Community Governance Subject and Implementation Path from the Perspective of Children’s Mental Health Risk Prevention and Control 24.4.1 Governance Subjects, Rights, and Obligations 24.4.2 Implementation Path of Community Governance 24.5 Planning Strategies of Community Governance from the Perspective of Prevention and Control of Children’s Mental Health Risks 24.5.1 Community Physical Space Governance Measures 24.5.1.1 Conduct Spatial Micro-update 24.5.1.2 Adjustment of Service Facility Configuration 24.5.2 Community Humanistic and Social Governance Measures 24.5.2.1 Children’s Participation in Governance 24.5.2.2 Forming Community Conventions 24.5.2.3 Improve Community Welfare 24.5.2.4 Carry out Community Activities 24.6 Conclusion References 25 A Study of How Residents’ Subjective Well-Being Affects the Design of Healthy Sports Parks in Cold Areas Abstract 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Theoretical Analysis Framework 25.2.1 Study Sites 25.2.2 Research Methods 25.2.3 Questionnaire 25.3 Results Analysis 25.3.1 Analysis of Observational Results 25.3.2 Reliability and Validity Analysis 25.3.3 Analyzing Differentiation 25.3.4 Correlation Analysis 25.4 Discussion 25.5 Conclusion 25.5.1 Create Diverse Spaces 25.5.2 Fairness in Social Services 25.5.3 Accessibility References 26 The Necessity of Natural Darkness for Humans and Biodiversity Abstract 26.1 Introduction 26.1.1 Definition of Light Pollution 26.2 Ecological Impacts of ALAN 26.2.1 The Impact of ALAN on Insects 26.2.2 The Impact of ALAN on Bats 26.2.3 The Impact of ALAN on Birds 26.2.4 The Impact of ALAN on Plants 26.2.5 Responsible and Sustainable ALAN 26.3 Aesthetic Consequences of ALAN on Humans 26.3.1 The Human Eyes’ Adaption to Darkness 26.3.2 Shades of Darkness 26.4 Reflection on ALAN and UN Sustainable Development Goals. References Healing through Design and Academic Research 27 A Narrative Essay on the Relationship Between the Biopsychosocial Model of Health and the Built Environment Abstract 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Neurologist: Part One 27.3 Designer: Part One 27.4 Neurologist: Part Two 27.5 Designer: Part Two 27.6 Conclusion 28 Rethinking the Design of Architectural Space Thermal Environment—Thermal Landscape Abstract 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Concept of Thermal Landscape 28.3 Thermal Landscape Design 28.3.1 Thermal Scene of Waterscape Construction 28.3.2 Preserve Traditional Thermal Landscapes 28.3.3 Natural Ecological Thermal Landscape 28.3.4 Local Installation Thermal Landscape 28.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 29 Walkability Assessment Using Agent-Based Model: Why It Becomes An Advantageous Way Abstract 29.1 Introduction 29.1.1 Background 29.1.2 Search Method 29.2 Advantages of ABM Over SS and GIS in Assessing Walkability 29.2.1 Advantage on Measuring Subjective Factors 29.2.2 Advantage of Calculating All Factors as an Integration 29.2.3 ABM Can Classify the Population Based on Their Characteristic 29.3 Limitations of ABM and Its Potential Solution 29.4 Conclusion References 30 Changing Health Needs: Victoria Nurses’ Home, 1927–1933 Abstract 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Materials and Method 30.2.1 Materials 30.2.2 Methods 30.3 The Design Process of the Victoria Nurses’ Home 30.3.1 The Close of the Old Victoria Nursing Home 30.3.2 The Design Process of the Victoria Nurses’ Home 30.4 Discussion 30.4.1 Health Issues Produced by Urbanization 30.4.2 Local Adaptation of Modern Architectural Ideas 30.4.3 Different Healthy Needs 30.5 Conclusion: Changing Healthy Needs and the Built Environment Acknowledgements References 31 Implementation of Biophilic Design at Workplaces Abstract 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Objective and Methodology 31.3 Literature Review and Findings 31.3.1 Classification of Studies in Biophilic Design at Workplaces 31.3.2 Descriptive Analysis of Reviewed Literature 31.4 Applications, Capabilities, and Limitations 31.5 Conclusions Appendix 1 References 32 Analysis of Key Points in the Design of Hybrid Operating Room for the Future Abstract 32.1 Introduction 32.1.1 History of Operating Room Development 32.1.2 Hybrid Operating Room 32.2 Methods 32.3 Results: Key Points of Design 32.3.1 Function Compound 32.3.1.1 Type Compound 32.3.1.2 Process Compound 32.3.1.3 Spatial Compound 32.3.2 Variable Environment 32.3.3 Modular Space 32.3.4 Facility Assembly 32.3.5 Transmit Information 32.4 Discussion 32.5 Conclusion References 33 Facing up to the UK’s Food Crisis—A Design Exploration of the Self-Sufficient City for Resilience and Food Security Abstract 33.1 Prologue: The Hungry Empire 33.2 The History of Shipping of the North Sea 33.2.1 The Empire and the City: The Flow of Change 33.3 Measuring the Sustainability of the UK Food System 33.3.1 UK Population Versus Self-Sufficiency 33.3.2 Climate Risk and Land Availability of UK Suppliers 33.4 Utopian Ideas for Sustainable Food Cities 33.5 A Spatial Narrative of the Self-Sufficient City in 2080 33.6 Conclusion References 34 Healthcare 2030. A Design Studio on the Future of a Distributed System in Singapore Abstract 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Overview of Architectural Education 34.3 Re-Tooling the Design Studio Experience 34.4 Healthcare in Singapore 34.5 The Diabetes Care Hub 34.6 Fysio 34.7 Forget Us not 34.8 Designing for Care in a Multi-Scalar and Distributed Healthcare System 34.9 Designing for Care in Through Empathetic Design 34.10 Conclusion References