Dermatology Secrets

Front Matter Copyright Top 100 Secrets Chapter (1) Structure and Function of the Skin Name the three layers of the skin. What composes them? How many layers are there in the epidermis? How are they organized? Do other types of cells normally occur in the epidermis? What is apocopation? Are stem cells found in the epidermis? Describe the structure of the basement membrane zone (BMZ). How is the structure of the epidermis related to its functions? What structural components of the epidermis are involved in blistering diseases? Are there hereditary diseases of the BMZ and dermis that cause blistering and damage to the skin? Are there acquired blistering diseases of the BMZ and dermis? What abnormalities in structural components of the basement membrane are involved in bullous skin diseases? What is the function of the sebaceous gland? How do the eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands differ? What causes axillary body odor? How is the dermis organized? What are the components of the dermis? What are the functions of the dermis? Which structural component of the dermis is involved in congenital and autoimmune skin diseases? How does the vasculature of the dermis function in temperature control? How is the skin innervated? Name the two main corpuscular (encapsulated) nerve receptors found in the skin Is loss of cutaneous sensation very serious? How is the subcutis organized? Does the skin have a microbiome? Are there any specific diseases directly linked to the bacterial microbiome? Does the pH of the skin play a part in skin barrier function? How do pH changes affect certain skin conditions? How does the clinician utilize the basic interaction between pH and the microbiome? Chapter (2) Morphology of Primary and Secondary Skin Lesions Why do dermatologists use words that no one else understands? But why are the descriptions so long? How can I possibly learn the language of dermatology? What is a primary skin lesion? How is each of the primary lesions defined? How do you determine whether a lesion is flat or raised? How does a primary lesion differ from a secondary lesion? How are secondary skin lesions defined? What is a maculopapular eruption? Give some examples of special skin lesions. What are telangiectasias? Are telangiectasias pathognomonic for a certain disease? What is a burrow? What is a comedo? What is the difference between petechiae and purpura? What are targetoid (target) lesions? List some of the additional descriptive adjectives used in dermatology that refer to color or pigmentation. How do atrophy and lichenification differ? Do skin diseases have characteristic arrangements or configurations? What is the Koebner (isomorphic) phenomenon? Do skin diseases characteristically occur in certain locations? Bibliography Chapter (3) Diagnostic techniques What is the most sensitive office laboratory test for diagnosing dermatophyte infections of the skin? How is a KOH examination performed? What laboratory tests are useful for diagnosing tinea capitis? What is a Wood's light or lamp? How is it useful in skin diseases? Name common culture media used for isolating dermatophytes. Describe a simple test for tinea versicolor other than a KOH preparation. What is a Tzanck preparation or smear? What is the best method of diagnosing scabies? How do you diagnose mite bites acquired from an animal? How do you diagnose lice infestation? What is the diagnostic test of choice for a patient presenting with a suspected syphilitic chancre on his penis? How is secondary syphilis diagnosed? How long do serologic tests for syphilis remain positive? In patients with symptomatic gonococcal urethritis, how efficacious is a Gram stain of the exudate in comparison to a ... What is the best way to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis? How are patch tests applied? In what diseases is a skin biopsy helpful? When are shave biopsies indicated? What are the indications for punch biopsies? Describe the indications for an excisional or incisional biopsy. Define and describe direct immunofluorescence of the skin. Name some skin diseases in which DIF is helpful in making a diagnosis. How does indirect immunofluorescence of the skin differ from DIF of the skin? Is ELISA ever used for the diagnosis of immunobullous disease? How are bacterial skin cultures performed, and when are they useful? What are some new technologies that may help improve dermatologists' ability for the accurate early detection of mela ... Chapter (4) Disorders of Keratinization What are the ichthyosiform dermatoses? What does ``ichthyosis´´ mean? How are the congenital (inherited) ichthyoses classified? How common are the major inherited nonsyndromic ichthyoses? How are they inherited? What features help differentiate the most common inherited ichthyoses? What genetic defect is responsible for X-linked ichthyosis (XLI)? What additional phenotypes may patients with XLI contiguous gene syndromes exhibit? What important birth history may be obtained in patients with XLI? Name the hereditary syndromes presenting with ichthyosis as a component. What is a collodion baby? What is a harlequin fetus? Name several conditions associated with acquired ichthyosis. Are laboratory tests helpful in the diagnosis of ichthyoses? Is prenatal diagnosis of congenital ichthyosis possible? How is ichthyosis treated? What is Hailey-Hailey disease? How does Hailey-Hailey disease present? Do any factors exacerbate the skin changes of Hailey-Hailey? Which diseases may be confused with Hailey-Hailey disease? How is Hailey-Hailey disease treated? What is Darier's disease? How is Darier's disease diagnosed? Are there any nail or hair changes in Darier's disease? Is Darier's disease difficult to treat? What is axillary granular parakeratosis? Chapter (5) Neurocutaneous disorders Neurofibromatosis What are the two main forms of neurofibromatosis? Where is the gene for NF-1 located? What protein does it encode? What is the function of this protein? What is the earliest manifestation of NF-1? What is Crowe's sign? When does it develop? When do neurofibromas appear in NF-1? What is a plexiform neurofibroma? Why is it necessary to follow patients with plexiform neurofibroma(s)? What are Lisch nodules? What is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor occurring in NF-1? What are the most common skeletal abnormalities in NF-1? What is segmental NF? How frequently should patients with NF-1 be assessed? What should this assessment include? What are the diagnostic criteria for NF-2? Where is the gene for NF-2? What is the gene product? What are the most common presenting symptoms of NF-2? What are the most common cutaneous symptoms of NF-2? What is Legius syndrome? Tuberous sclerosis Wheat is the genetic etiology of tuberous sclerosis? What is the function of hamartin and tuberin? Why is this important clinically? What is the inheritance of tuberous sclerosis? What is the earliest skin sign of tuberous sclerosis? What are the major noncutaneous findings of tuberous sclerosis? What is the correct term for the facial papules seen in tuberous sclerosis? What is a shagreen patch? What are tubers, and where do they occur? What signs of tuberous sclerosis may be revealed on funduscopic examination? Which systemic finding, characteristic of tuberous sclerosis, may be present at birth, but not later in life? Can renal involvement occur in tuberous sclerosis? What is the prognosis for patients with tuberous sclerosis? Sturge-weber syndrome Name the essential components of the Sturge-Weber syndrome. How is it inherited? Does the location of the capillary malformation affect the likelihood of developing SWS? What are the complications of leptomeningeal C-VMs? At what age does epilepsy manifest? What investigations confirm leptomeningeal C-VM? Do ocular complications occur in the SWS? Are there additional complications in the SWS? How can a facial capillary malformation be treated? Ataxia-telangiectasia What is the inheritance of ataxia-telangiectasia? What is the earliest clinical sign of ataxia-telangiectasia? Name the typical skin sign of ataxia-telangiectasia. What are the two most common causes of death in ataxia-telangiectasia? Neurocutaneous melanocytosis What are the essential features of neurocutaneous melanocytosis (NCM)? Is it always symptomatic? What high-risk features of CMN would increase risk for neurocutaneous melanosis? How is NCM diagnosed? What else are patients with NCM at risk for? Chapter (6) Mechanobullous disorders What are mechanobullous disorders? Where do the blisters that form in EB occur in the skin? How is EB classified, and what are the major modes of inheritance? Describe the typical skin findings in EB simplex. How do mutations in KRT5 and KRT14 cause the autosomal dominant forms of EB simplex? What are the clinical findings in junctional EB (JEB) generalized? How does JEB with pyloric atresia differ from other forms of JEB? What are the clinical findings in dystrophic EB? What is the most serious late complication of RDEB? What is Kindler syndrome? How is EB diagnosed? How is EB treated? Chapter (7) Papulosquamous skin eruptions Name the papulosquamous skin eruptions. What is psoriasis? What is the incidence of psoriasis? List the different types of psoriasis What is guttate psoriasis? What is inverse psoriasis? Does pustular psoriasis refer to psoriasis that is secondarily infected? Is there a genetic basis for psoriasis? If one of my relatives has psoriasis, what is the chance that I will get psoriasis? Name the types of psoriatic arthritis Describe the clinical features of the psoriatic arthritis. What are the abnormal nail findings seen in psoriasis? Which is most common? Are there other nonskin manifestations of psoriasis? You are working in a dermatology clinic, seeing a patient with a rash that is possibly psoriasis. Outside the room, t ... Name three types of drugs that precipitate or exacerbate psoriasis What other factors can provoke or exacerbate psoriasis? Do systemic corticosteroids help psoriasis? What topical medications are used to treat psoriasis? How is ultraviolet radiation used to treat psoriasis? What systemic drugs are used to treat psoriasis? What biologic agents may be used in the treatment of psoriasis? Describe the rash of PRP. Although PRP can occur at any age, in what decades is it most often seen? What is the prognosis? How is PRP treated? Describe the distribution of the ``seborrheic areas.´´ What does seborrheic dermatitis look like? What causes seborrheic dermatitis? How can you differentiate between seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis of the scalp? How is seborrheic dermatitis treated? What is pityriasis rosea? Describe the characteristic rash What is the cause of pityriasis rosea? In the dermatology clinic, you evaluate a 20-year-old man who has been referred from the primary care clinic with a d ... What is pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta? How is PLEVA treated? Chapter (8) Eczematous dermatitis What is eczematous dermatitis? Are there different types of eczematous dermatitis? Are eczema and AD the same disorder? What is atopy? How common is AD? What are the diagnostic criteria for AD? What is the etiology of AD? Is itch a primary or a secondary manifestation of AD? Why does AD itch? What are factors that lead to pruritus in AD? Are antihistamines the answer for the AD itch? Will AD lead to other types of atopic disease? How does AD present by age? What physical findings are associated with AD? What factors provoke or exacerbate AD? Does breast feeding prevent AD? Does avoidance of certain foods prevent AD? Are skin infections a concern with AD? What are effective treatments for AD? Describe wet-wrap therapy Is ``hand dermatitis´´ a specific diagnosis? What is acute palmoplantar eczema? How can acute palmoplantar eczema be managed? Describe the typical presentation of nummular eczema (nummular dermatitis) How is nummular dermatitis treated? How does seborrheic dermatitis present in children? How does seborrheic dermatitis present in adults? What is the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis? Is seborrheic dermatitis associated with other disease states? Discuss the treatment approaches to seborrheic dermatitis Define the ``id reaction.´´ What are the most common settings for an id reaction and how should you treat it? What is a generalized eczematous dermatitis? What is the etiology of exfoliative dermatitis? What general treatment measures are used to treat patients with exfoliative dermatitis? Bibliography Chapter (9) Contact dermatitis Name the two pathogenic types of contact dermatitis. Name the two subtypes of ICD and describe them. Explain the pathogenesis of ACD. Can urticarial reactions occur from contact with a substance? Why is the distribution of a contact dermatitis rash important? List four common misperceptions regarding the location of a contact dermatitis. How is patch testing done? What substances are tested in the standard ``screening´´ patch test? An astute physician should not need to patch test. Right? What is a repeated open application test (ROAT)? What is the differential diagnosis of contact dermatitis? Which are some of the most common allergens on the standard tray? Is nickel the most common allergen overall? What is the ``allergen of the year´´? If a change in a skin care product does not lead to clearing of a patients rash, does this mean that the original pro ... How is contact dermatitis managed? Chapter (10) Vesiculobullous Disorders What is the difference between a vesicle and a bulla? How are the bullous diseases defined? What things cause vesicles and bullae? How do you approach a patient who presents with an acute onset of a vesiculobullous eruption? Which skin findings are helpful in evaluating a patient with blisters? Do particular vesiculobullous diseases occur in characteristic distributions? Which tests are most useful in evaluating vesiculobullous diseases? How should a skin biopsy of a vesiculobullous eruption be performed? When are special tests necessary to diagnose blistering diseases of the skin? How are specimens obtained for direct immunofluorescence (DIF)? For which vesiculobullous diseases are indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) helpful? List the most common blistering diseases due to external agents. Name examples of drugs that can cause vesiculobullous eruptions. What is epidermolysis bullosa (EB)? Describe other genetic blistering diseases. List the vesiculobullous diseases caused by metabolic disorders. Describe the clinical findings in bullous diabeticorum. What is the cause of pellagra? What is the difference between porphyria cutanea tarda and pseudoporphyria? What are the necrolytic erythemas? What is the difference between bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid? How do pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus differ? Linear IgA bullous dermatosis occurs in two different clinical situations. What are they? Describe the clinical findings in dermatitis herpetiformis. Does herpes gestationis have anything to do with herpesviruses? What is bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? What is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita? What is anti-p200 pemphigoid? Chapter (11) Pustular eruptions How does a pustule differ from a vesicle or bulla? How are pustules classified? What is the most common pustular skin eruption? Name the different types of pustular psoriasis. How do they differ? Do any factors precipitate generalized pustular psoriasis? Is pustular psoriasis treated differently than classic plaque-type psoriasis? What is pustular bacterid? Why do some consider pustular bacterid a form of localized pustular psoriasis of the palms and soles? What is subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease)? Discuss the pathogenesis of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. How is subcorneal pustular dermatosis treated? What is superficial IgA pemphigus? What are the cutaneous findings in reactive arthritis (Reiter's disease)? Which drugs are commonly associated with pustular drug eruptions? What is folliculitis decalvans? Discuss the pathogenesis of miliaria pustulosa. How is miliaria pustulosa treated? What is Ofuji's disease? What is the differential diagnosis of a pustular eruption in a neonate? How do ETN and TNPM differ? What is infantile acropustulosis? What is the best treatment of infantile acropustulosis? Chapter (12) Lichenoid skin eruptions How do lichenoid eruptions differ from other papulosquamous conditions? What does ``lichenoid´´ mean? What is the most common lichenoid skin disease? What anatomic locations are most often affected by LP? Describe the characteristic primary skin lesions of LP. What are the characteristic oral findings of LP? Describe the isomorphic response of LP. What causes LP? What are the less common presentations of LP? How is trachyonychia (20-nail dystrophy) related to LP? Is LP associated with systemic diseases? What is the prognosis of LP? What is the primary symptom of LP? Describe the characteristic histopathologic features of classic LP. How is LP treated? What conditions enter the differential diagnosis of a ``LP-like´´ eruption? Are LP and systemic lupus erythematosus related? Are LP and bullous pemphigoid related? Why is GVHD a consideration in LP-like eruptions? Describe the primary lesion of lichen nitidus. What are the other clinical features of LN? Does LN demonstrate a lichenoid infiltrate upon biopsy? What is lichen striatus? Discuss the natural history and prognosis of lichen striatus. What is lichen simplex chronicus? How is LSC treated? What is lichen spinulosis? Chapter (13) Granulomatous diseases of the skin What is meant by ``granulomatous diseases of the skin´´? What is a ``histiocyte´´? What is the difference between an immune granuloma and a foreign body granuloma? List some common granulomatous diseases that affect the skin. Can granulomas be recognized clinically? How do endogenous ``foreign´´ bodies cause granulomas? What are the sources of the exogenous foreign body agents? Do cosmetic fillers ever produce foreign body granulomas? Can the cause of a foreign body reaction be diagnosed histologically? What is sarcoidosis? How often is the skin involved in sarcoidosis? Describe the specific cutaneous findings in sarcoidosis. What is lupus pernio? Describe the nonspecific cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis. Does sarcoidosis ever present in the skin without extracutaneous involvement? What is Löfgren syndrome? What is Heerfordt syndrome? What is Darier-Roussy disease? How should cutaneous sarcoidosis be treated? What is the typical presentation of granuloma annulare? What is annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma? Do any systemic associations occur with granuloma annulare? What is the typical course of granuloma annulare? How is granuloma annulare treated? What is the most common extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis? What is the typical presentation of rheumatoid nodules? What are the treatment options for rheumatoid nodules? What is accelerated nodulosis? Do patients with lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei have lupus erythematosus? What is the typical presentation of necrobiosis lipoidica? Which systemic disease is associated with necrobiosis lipoidica? What is the first-line treatment for necrobiosis lipoidica? What are the cutaneous manifestations of Crohn disease? Chapter (14) Drug eruptions A patient presents to your office with a 10-page typed-out medical history. She states that she is ``allergic´´ to 20 ... Name some nonimmunologic drug reactions. What is the most common manifestation of an adverse drug reaction? How does a cutaneous drug eruption typically present? How should a suspected drug reaction be evaluated? Which commonly used drugs are most likely to produce a cutaneous reaction? Can preexisting diseases enhance the chance of getting a maculopapular skin eruption when using amoxicillin or ampicillin? What infectious disease increases the chance of a cutaneous adverse reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole? Which feared drug eruption results in sloughing of the entire skin surface and mucous membranes? Why do some patients get TEN? What is the difference between erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and TEN? What drugs are typically associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Which type of drug reaction can result in a quick death? What class of drugs is the most common cause of anaphylaxis? Name the drugs most likely to induce urticaria. How is drug-induced urticaria mediated? A 45-year-old white man comes to the emergency room with large areas of nonpitting edema over the face, eyelids, neck ... A patient is evaluated for a several-day history of fever, malaise, urticaria, arthralgias, lymphadenopathy, and a pe ... A man complains of a recurrent burning eruption on his penis. He develops a single blister over the glans penis that ... How does drug-induced lupus erythematosus (LE) differ from idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? What drugs are usually associated with drug-induced LE? Which drug is usually associated with erythema nodosum? What drugs are associated with lichenoid drug eruptions? Name the drugs most likely to produce cutaneous hyperpigmentation and discoloration. What drugs can produce subepidermal bullae and erosions on the dorsum of the hands? Name two drugs that commonly exacerbate porphyria cutanea tarda. A 30-year-old white woman is evaluated with a new case of ``acne.´´ Over the last few days, she has suddenly develope ... A middle-aged man who is a dialysis patient presents to your clinic with a ``woody´´ appearance to his legs. He had m ... Describe a typical presentation of warfarin necrosis. Name and describe the two types of photoinduced drug eruptions. What drugs commonly cause phototoxic drug reactions? What drugs commonly cause photoallergic drug reactions? What is AGEP? How does it present? You have been treating a patient for severe, scarring acne with an oral medication for the last 3 months. Her acne lo ... A patient presents with numerous eruptive hyperkeratotic lesions 1 month after starting treatment for metastatic mela ... Chapter (15) Vasculitis How are vasculitic disorders defined and classified? Are there specific serologic markers for any of these vasculitic disorders? What is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis? What are some important precipitating causes of small vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis? What is IgA vasculitis, formerly known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura? What is the mnemonic that can help remember the clinical features of IgA vasculitis? What is ``acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy´´ and how does it differ from IgA vasculitis? What are cryoglobulins? Can cryoglobulins produce a vasculitis? What is eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)? What were those features again? What is granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis)? What are the features needed to establish a diagnosis of GPA? Is there an easy way to remember these diagnostic criteria? List the cutaneous findings in GPA Are ANCA titers part of the criteria used to categorize small vessel vasculitis? GPA and EGPA seem very similar. How do you distinguish between them? What forms of treatment are available for GPA and EGPA? What are the major organs involved in classic (systemic) PAN? How is classic PAN different from Kawasaki disease? What is primary cutaneous PAN? What is the primary difference between MPA and PAN? What is the difference between giant cell (temporal) arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu's arteritis? What is erythema elevatum diutinum? Are there any other obscure disorders known to dermatologists, but little known to other subspecialties, that could b ... Chapter (16) Deposition disorders How is ``deposition disorder´´ defined? What is amyloid? How is amyloid identified? Name the various types of amyloidosis. What are the cutaneous manifestations of primary or myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis? How often do they occur? Name the other organ systems that may be involved in primary or myeloma-associated amyloidosis. Compare lichen amyloidosis and macular amyloidosis. How does primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis present? With what is it associated? What is secondary systemic amyloidosis and what are its systemic manifestations? What is lipoid proteinosis? What is colloid milium? Which histologic feature or ``deposit´´ is common to all porphyrias? Which porphyria classically demonstrates the largest deposits? What are its cutaneous features? Name some of the cutaneous mucinoses. Describe the clinical lesions seen in pretibial myxedema and its disease associations. Describe the clinical lesions seen in lichen myxedematosus. What serum abnormality has been associated with scleromyxedema? Describe the clinical lesions in scleredema and its disease associations. What is a digital mucous (myxoid) cyst? What substance is elevated in gout? Where is the uric acid deposited in gout? What are the resulting clinical manifestations? Describe the types of calcinosis cutis. What underlying medical conditions have been associated with metastatic calcinosis cutis? What is calciphylaxis and who develops it? What is osteoma cutis? What is nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and in what setting do patients develop this condition? What are histologic features of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis? What condition does it most resemble? Chapter (17) Photosensitive dermatitis What is ``photosensitivity´´? What is the clinical appearance of a ``photodistributed´´ eruption? What is the difference between a phototoxic reaction and a photoallergic reaction? Name some common topical phototoxic and photoallergic agents and the action spectra. Name common systemic phototoxic and photoallergic agents and their action spectra. Give some examples of unique phototoxic/photoallergic reactions. What are some scenarios in which the skin may be more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation? What are important questions to ask a patient with a suspected photosensitivity reaction? What are the most common causes of photosensitive dermatoses? What is persistent light reactivity? What is PMLE? How is PMLE diagnosed? How is PMLE treated? What is actinic prurigo? What is solar urticaria? Discuss the differential diagnosis of photodermatoses in infants or young children. How do hydroa aestivale and hydroa vacciniforme differ? Which porphyrias are associated with photodermatoses? Describe the cutaneous changes in PCT. What causes PCT? How is PCT diagnosed? How is VP distinguished from PCT? What treatments are used in PCT? What are the cutaneous findings in erythropoietic protoporphyria? How is a diagnosis of erythropoietic protoporphyria made? Do any other medical problems occur in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria? What forms of cutaneous lupus result in photosensitivity? Name some other conditions associated with cutaneous photoexposure. Chapter (18) Disorders of pigmentation Are some disorders of pigmentation markers for systemic disease? How do you diagnose a pigmentation disorder? What are the important elements of a skin examination of a patient with a pigmentation disorder? What is a Wood's lamp? Leukoderma: partial or complete loss of skin pigmentation Name some heritable forms of leukoderma Name the skin disorder that manifests with complete loss of skin pigmentation Describe the clinical appearance of the skin lesions in vitiligo When does vitiligo have its onset? Do any factors influence the onset of vitiligo? Is vitiligo treatable? What is piebaldism? What is albinism? How does albinism differ from the other inherited leukodermas? Can disorders of amino acid metabolism cause leukoderma? How do chemicals cause skin depigmentation or skin hypopigmentation? Can patients with nutritional disorders suffer from leukoderma? What disorders should the clinician consider in a patient with hypopigmented macules and patches? What is tuberous sclerosis? What is nevus depigmentosus? How does nevus depigmentosus compare to Blaschkoid hypomelanosis? Which infectious disorders can have associated leukoderma? Describe the pigmentation changes seen with the treponematoses What cutaneous lesions are seen with Hansen's disease? Why is lesional skin of tinea versicolor frequently hypopigmented? Melanoderma: abnormal darkening of the skin What are lentigines? What heritable disorders manifest these? Why is it important to identify patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? Describe the clinical manifestations of LEOPARD syndrome Are there pigmentation disorders associated with neurofibromatosis? Do any other disorders manifest with CALMs? What is Becker's melanosis? What is a nevus spilus? Do any natural factors stimulate human epidermal pigmentation? What drugs are used to stimulate skin pigmentation? How do they work? Can other drugs cause increased skin pigmentation? Can endocrine and metabolic disorders cause altered skin pigmentation? Can forms of radiation other than ultraviolet radiation cause increased skin pigmentation? Blue-gray dyspigmentation Are there other types of dyspigmentation besides leukoderma and melanoderma? Name the different types of hyperpigmentation due to excess numbers of dermal melanocytes Differentiate a nevus of Ota from a nevus of Ito. What types of hyperpigmentation are due to dermal melanin deposition? How does erythema ab igne occur? Are there any metabolic disorders associated with nonmelanin skin dyspigmentation? What pigmentation disorders are associated with heavy-metal deposition in the dermis? What drugs can deposit in the dermis and cause pigmentary changes? Chapter (19) Panniculitis What is panniculitis? Name the various types of panniculitis. How are they classified? What is erythema nodosum? What is the pathogenesis of erythema nodosum? List some of the common underlying conditions associated with erythema nodosum. How should a biopsy of erythema nodosum be obtained? What are the characteristic microscopic features of erythema